Journal ArticleDOI
Statistics of atomic frequency standards
David W. Allan
- Vol. 54, Iss: 2, pp 221-230
Reads0
Chats0
TLDR
In this paper, a theoretical analysis of the relationship between the expectation value of the standard deviation of the frequency fluctuations for any finite number of data samples and the infinite time average value of a standard deviation is presented.Abstract:
A theoretical development is presented which results in a relationship between the expectation value of the standard deviation of the frequency fluctuations for any finite number of data samples and the infinite time average value of the standard deviation, which provides an invariant measure of an important quality factor of a frequency standard. A practical and straightforward method of determining the power spectral density of the frequency fluctuations from the variance of the frequency fluctuations, the sampling time, the number of samples taken, and the dependence on system bandwidth is also developed. Additional insight is also given into some of the problems that arise from the presence of "flicker noise" (spectrum proportional to |ω|-1) modulation of the frequency of an oscillator. The theory is applied in classifying the types of noise on the signals of frequency standards made available at NBS, Boulder Laboratories, such as: masers (both H and N15H 3 ), the cesium beam frequency standard employed as the U. S. Frequency Standard, and rubidium gas cells. "Flicker noise" frequency modulation was not observed on the signals of masers for sampling times ranging from 0.1 second to 4 hours. In a comparison between the NBS hydrogen maser and the NBS III cesium beam, uncorrelated random noise was observed on the frequency fluctuations for sampling times extending to 4 hours; the fractional standard deviations of the frequency fluctuations were as low as 5 parts in 1014.read more
Citations
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
Investigating biomass burning aerosol morphology using a laser imaging nephelometer
Katherine M. Manfred,Katherine M. Manfred,Rebecca A. Washenfelder,Nicholas L. Wagner,Nicholas L. Wagner,Gabriela Adler,Gabriela Adler,Frank Erdesz,Frank Erdesz,Caroline C. Womack,Caroline C. Womack,Kara D. Lamb,Kara D. Lamb,Joshua P. Schwarz,A. Franchin,A. Franchin,Vanessa Selimovic,Robert J. Yokelson,Daniel M. Murphy +18 more
TL;DR: In this paper, a laser imaging nephelometer was deployed at the Missoula Fire-Sciences Laboratory to sample biomass burning aerosol from controlled fires during the FIREX intensive laboratory study.
Journal ArticleDOI
Characterization of the Global Network of Optical Magnetometers to search for Exotic Physics (GNOME).
S. Afach,Dmitry Budker,Dmitry Budker,Dmitry Budker,G. DeCamp,Vincent Dumont,Zoran D. Grujić,Hong Guo,D. F. Jackson Kimball,T.W. Kornack,Victor Lebedev,Wenhao Li,Hector Masia-Roig,S. Nix,Mikhail Padniuk,Christopher Palm,Chris Pankow,Alexander Penaflor,Xiang Peng,Szymon Pustelny,Theo Scholtes,Joseph A. Smiga,Jason Stalnaker,Antoine Weis,Arne Wickenbrock,David Wurm +25 more
TL;DR: The Global Network of Optical Magnetometers to Search for Exotic Physics (GNOME) as mentioned in this paper is a network of geographically separated, time-synchronized, optically pumped atomic magnetometers that is being used to search for correlated transient signals heralding exotic physics.
Journal ArticleDOI
Ultrastable Optical Magnetometry
TL;DR: In this article, an ultrastable optical magnetometer that exhibits high sensitivity across $e\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}i \phantom{0{0}ex}g\phantastic{0,0ex}h\phantastic{ 0,0}t$ orders of magnitude in Fourier frequency is presented.
Journal ArticleDOI
The role of long‐term lamp fluctuations in the random walk of frequency behavior of the rubidium frequency standard: A case study
C. H. Volk,R. P. Frueholz +1 more
TL;DR: In this article, a long-term frequency stability test has been performed on an Rb clock and the results showed that the spontaneous frequency jumps and the random walk of frequency noise can be attributed to the behavior of the clock's discharge lamp.
Journal ArticleDOI
A CO trace gas detection system based on continuous wave DFB-QCL
TL;DR: In this paper, a compact and mobile system was demonstrated for the detection of carbon monoxide (CO) at trace level using a high-power, continuous wave (CW), distributed feedback quantum cascade laser (DFB-QCL) operating at ∼22°C as excitation source.
References
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
An Introduction to Fourier Analysis and Generalized Functions.
R. A. Kunze,M. J. Lighthill +1 more
TL;DR: The theory of generalised functions and their Fourier transforms is discussed in this paper. But the analysis of Fourier transform is limited to the case of generalized functions, and it is not suitable for generalised function analysis.
Journal ArticleDOI
Some aspects of the theory and measurement of frequency fluctuations in frequency standards
Leonard S. Cutler,C. L. Searle +1 more
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of finite observation time on the frequency and phase stability of a servo-controlled oscillator with respect to a given quartz oscillator and an atomic reference are analyzed.
Journal ArticleDOI
Atomic timekeeping and the statistics of precision signal generators
TL;DR: In this paper, a detailed analysis of the calibration procedure showed that the third finite difference of the phase is closely related to the clock errors and that quartz crystal oscillators exhibit a "flicker" or |ω|-1type of noise modulating the frequency of the oscillator.
Atomic timekeeping and the statistics of precision signal generators
TL;DR: The method of finite differences of the phase is shown to be a powerful means of classifying the statistical fluctuations of thephase and frequency for signal generators in general and by employing finite differences it is possible to avoid divergences normally associated with flicker noise spectra.
Related Papers (5)
The limits of signal averaging in atmospheric trace-gas monitoring by tunable diode-laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS)
Peter Werle,R. Mücke,F. Slemr +2 more