Terrestrial or marine – indications towards the origin of ice-nucleating particles during melt season in the European Arctic up to 83.7° N
Markus Hartmann,Xianda Gong,Xianda Gong,Simonas Kecorius,Manuela van Pinxteren,Teresa Vogl,Teresa Vogl,André Welti,André Welti,Heike Wex,Sebastian Zeppenfeld,Hartmut Herrmann,Alfred Wiedensohler,Frank Stratmann +13 more
TLDR
In this paper, the ice nucleation properties of samples from different environmental compartments, i.e., the sea surface microlayer (SML), the bulk seawater (BSW), and fog water, were investigated.Abstract:
. Ice-nucleating particles (INPs) initiate the primary ice formation in clouds at temperatures above ca. −38 ∘ C and have an impact on precipitation formation, cloud optical properties, and cloud persistence. Despite their roles in both weather and climate, INPs are not well characterized, especially in remote regions such as the Arctic.
We present results from a ship-based campaign to the European Arctic during May to July 2017. We deployed a filter sampler and a continuous-flow diffusion chamber for offline and online INP analyses, respectively. We also investigated the ice nucleation properties of samples from different environmental compartments, i.e., the sea surface microlayer (SML), the bulk seawater (BSW), and fog water.
Concentrations of INPs ( NINP ) in the air vary between 2 to 3 orders of magnitudes at any particular temperature and are, except for the temperatures above −10 ∘ C and below −32 ∘ C, lower than in midlatitudes. In these temperature ranges, INP concentrations are the same or even higher than in the midlatitudes.
By heating of the filter samples to 95 ∘ C for 1 h, we found a significant reduction in ice nucleation activity, i.e., indications that the INPs active at warmer temperatures are biogenic. At colder temperatures the INP population was likely dominated by mineral dust.
The SML was found to be enriched in INPs compared to the BSW in almost all samples. The enrichment factor (EF) varied mostly between 1 and 10, but EFs as high as 94.97 were also observed. Filtration of the seawater samples with 0.2 µ m syringe filters led to a significant reduction in ice activity, indicating the INPs are larger and/or are associated with particles larger than 0.2 µ m. A closure study showed that aerosolization of SML and/or seawater alone cannot explain the observed airborne NINP unless significant enrichment of INP by a factor of 105 takes place during the transfer from the ocean surface to the atmosphere.
In the fog water samples with −3.47 ∘ C, we observed the highest freezing onset of any sample. A closure study connecting NINP in fog water and the ambient NINP derived from the filter samples shows good agreement of the concentrations in both compartments, which indicates that INPs in the air are likely all activated into fog droplets during fog events.
In a case study, we considered a situation during which the ship was located in the marginal sea ice zone and NINP levels in air and the SML were highest in the temperature range above −10 ∘ C. Chlorophyll a measurements by satellite remote sensing point towards the waters in the investigated region being biologically active. Similar slopes in the temperature spectra suggested a connection between the INP populations in the SML and the air. Air mass history had no influence on the observed airborne INP population. Therefore, we conclude that during the case study collected airborne INPs originated from a local biogenic probably marine source.read more
Citations
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Intercomparison of large-eddy simulations of Arctic mixed-phase clouds: Importance of ice size distribution assumptions
TL;DR: In this paper, large-eddy simulations of mixed-phase Arctic clouds by 11 different models are analyzed with the goal of improving understanding and model representation of processes controlling the evolution of these clouds.
The SPectrometer for Ice Nuclei (SPIN): A new instrument to investigate ice nucleation
TL;DR: The SPIN is a continuous flow diffusion chamber with parallel plate geometry based on the Zurich Ice Nucleation Chamber and the Portable ice nucleation chamber as discussed by the authors, which is a commercially available ice nucleating particle (INP) counter.
Journal ArticleDOI
Annual cycle observations of aerosols capable of ice formation in central Arctic clouds
Jessie M. Creamean,Kevin R. Barry,Thomas C. J. Hill,Carson C. Hume,Paul J. DeMott,Matthew D. Shupe,Sandro Dahlke,Sascha Willmes,Julia Schmale,Ivo Beck,Clara Jule Marie Hoppe,Allison A. Fong,E. W. Chamberlain,Jeff S. Bowman,Randall K. Scharien,Ola Persson +15 more
TL;DR: In this article , the authors report observations of ice nucleating particles (INPs) in the central Arctic over a full year, spanning the entire sea ice growth and decline cycle, and reveal a strong seasonality of INPs, with lower concentrations in the winter and spring controlled by transport from lower latitudes, to enhanced concentrations of InPs during the summer melt, likely from marine biological production in local open waters.
Posted ContentDOI
Predicting atmospheric background number concentration of ice nucleating particles in the Arctic
TL;DR: In this paper , a lognormal distribution-based parameterization was proposed to predict Arctic ice nucleating particle (INP) number and their variability at temperatures between 0 and 30 °C.
Journal ArticleDOI
Highly Active Ice‐Nucleating Particles at the Summer North Pole
TL;DR: In this article , high concentrations of biological ice nucleating particles (INPs) were sporadically present at the North Pole during summer 2018 (August and September) and they were sometimes as high as those recorded at mid-latitude locations strongly impacted by highly active biological INPs, in strong contrast to the Southern Ocean.
References
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors focus on one major aspect of cloud microphysics, which involves the processes that lead to the formation of individual cloud and precipitation particles, and provide an account of the major characteristics of atmospheric aerosol particles.
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Approximate is Better than “Exact” for Interval Estimation of Binomial Proportions
Alan Agresti,Brent A. Coull +1 more
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TL;DR: The past decade has seen substantial advances in understanding Arctic amplification, that trends and variability in surface air temperature tend to be larger in the Arctic region than for the Northern Hemisphere or globe as a whole as discussed by the authors.
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a broad array of evidence that illustrates con- vincingly; the Arctic is undergoing a system-wide response to an altered climatic state.