Heike Wex

TL;DR: First results from the CLOUD experiment at CERN are presented, finding that atmospherically relevant ammonia mixing ratios of 100 parts per trillion by volume, or less, increase the nucleation rate of sulphuric acid particles more than 100–1,000-fold and ion-induced binary nucleation of H2SO4–H2O can occur in the mid-troposphere but is negligible in the boundary layer.

TL;DR: The results show that, in regions of the atmosphere near amine sources, both amines and sulphur dioxide should be considered when assessing the impact of anthropogenic activities on particle formation.

TL;DR: It is shown that Bassoon, a novel protein of >400,000 M r, is a new component of the presynaptic cytoskeleton, and biochemical studies suggest a tight association with cytoskeletal structures.

TL;DR: It is shown, in experiments performed with the CLOUD (Cosmics Leaving Outdoor Droplets) chamber at CERN, that sulfuric acid and oxidized organic vapors at atmospheric concentrations reproduce particle nucleation rates observed in the lower atmosphere.

TL;DR: In this paper, new developments in identifying the heterogeneous freezing mechanisms, atmospheric relevance, uncertainties, and unknowns about ice nucleating particles (INPs) have been described, and the change in conventional wisdom regarding the requirements of INPs as new studies discover physical and chemical properties of these particles is explained.