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Open AccessJournal ArticleDOI

The Brain's Reward System in Health and Disease.

TLDR
In this article, the influence of the dopaminergic reward pathways on the circadian system and the implication of this interplay on human health is discussed, and the authors discuss how reward-related activities (e.g., feeding, exercise, sex, substance use, and social interactions) which lead to an elevated level of dopamine, alters rhythms in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and the brain's reward system.
Abstract
Rhythmic gene expression is found throughout the central nervous system. This harmonized regulation can be dependent on- and independent of- the master regulator of biological clocks, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). Substantial oscillatory activity in the brain's reward system is regulated by dopamine. While light serves as a primary time-giver (zeitgeber) of physiological clocks and synchronizes biological rhythms in 24-h cycles, nonphotic stimuli have a profound influence over circadian biology. Indeed, reward-related activities (e.g., feeding, exercise, sex, substance use, and social interactions), which lead to an elevated level of dopamine, alters rhythms in the SCN and the brain's reward system. In this chapter, we will discuss the influence of the dopaminergic reward pathways on circadian system and the implication of this interplay on human health.

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Citations
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Impaired interhemispheric synchrony in Parkinson's disease patients with apathy.

TL;DR: The findings demonstrated that the asymmetric functional connectivity in the mesocorticolimbic and nigrostriatal systems might induce the pathophysiological mechanisms of apathy in PD.
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Pharmacological strategies for sexual recovery in men undergoing antipsychotic treatment

TL;DR: The literature on pharmacologic approaches for management strategies in men who are administered with antipsychotics and developed SD is reviewed and aripiprazole 5–20 mg/day adjunctive therapy has proven to be most effective in normalizing prolactin levels and consequently treating antipsychotic-induced SD.
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Screen use and sleep duration and quality at 15 years old: Cohort study

TL;DR: In this paper , the authors investigated the association between screen time for entertainment (watching TV, using computer, or playing games on tablets, smartphones, or videogame consoles) and sleep duration and self-reported sleep quality, among adolescents aged 15 years.
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Deficiency of the circadian clock gene Rev-erbα induces mood disorder-like behaviours and dysregulation of the serotonergic system in mice

TL;DR: The authors showed that the regulation of the serotonergic (5-HTergic) system, which plays a central role in stress-induced mood behaviors, is markedly disrupted in Rev-erbα-/- mice.
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The Effects of Obesity on the Inflammatory, Cardiovascular, and Neurobiological Responses to Exercise in Older Adults

TL;DR: In this article , the authors discuss how obesity in older adults impacts inflammatory, cardiovascular, and neurobiological functions with an emphasis on how exercise mediates each topic, and emphasize that early interventions are crucial to prevent pathological changes seen in the aging obese population.
References
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Ghrelin induces adiposity in rodents.

TL;DR: It is proposed that ghrelin, in addition to its role in regulating GH secretion, signals the hypothalamus when an increase in metabolic efficiency is necessary, suggesting an involvement in regulation of energy balance.
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Molecular Bases for Circadian Clocks

TL;DR: It used to be that research in chronobiology moved biochemical functions [transcriptional activators], the along at a gentlemanly pace, but by mid 1997 the word in determining what the authors perceive as time was PASWCCLK.
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Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome in Circadian Clock Mutant Mice

TL;DR: Estimation of transcripts encoding selected hypothalamic peptides associated with energy balance was attenuated in the Clock mutant mice, suggesting that the circadian clock gene network plays an important role in mammalian energy balance.
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Brain dopamine and obesity.

TL;DR: Dopamine modulates motivation and reward circuits and hence dopamine deficiency in obese individuals may perpetuate pathological eating as a means to compensate for decreased activation of these circuits.
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Interacting appetite-regulating pathways in the hypothalamic regulation of body weight.

TL;DR: Multiple orexigenic and anorexigenic pathways in the hypothalamic ARN appear to represent redundancy, a characteristic of regulated biological systems to provide a "fail-safe" neural mechanism to meet an organism's constant energy needs for growth and maintenance.
Trending Questions (2)
Dopamine reward pathway in healthy brain

Dopamine regulates oscillatory activity in the brain's reward system, influencing circadian rhythms. Reward-related activities elevate dopamine levels, impacting the suprachiasmatic nucleus and overall human health.

What is brain reward?

The paper does not provide a specific definition of "brain reward."