Journal ArticleDOI
The Structure and Function of the Endothelial Glycocalyx Layer
TLDR
The mechanical and biochemical properties of the EGL and the latest studies on the interactions of this layer with red and white blood cells are examined, including its deformation owing to fluid shear stress, its penetration by leukocyte microvilli, and its restorative response after the passage of a white cell in a tightly fitting capillary.Abstract:
Over the past decade, since it was first observed in vivo, there has been an explosion in interest in the thin (∼500 nm), gel-like endothelial glycocalyx layer (EGL) that coats the luminal surface of blood vessels. In this review, we examine the mechanical and biochemical properties of the EGL and the latest studies on the interactions of this layer with red and white blood cells. This includes its deformation owing to fluid shear stress, its penetration by leukocyte microvilli, and its restorative response after the passage of a white cell in a tightly fitting capillary. We also examine recently discovered functions of the EGL in modulating the oncotic forces that regulate the exchange of water in microvessels and the role of the EGL in transducing fluid shear stress into the intracellular cytoskeleton of endothelial cells, in the initiation of intracellular signaling, and in the inflammatory response.read more
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Endothelial Cell Dysfunction and the Pathobiology of Atherosclerosis
TL;DR: This review traces the evolution of the concept of endothelial cell dysfunction, focusing on recent insights into the cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie its pivotal roles in atherosclerotic lesion initiation and progression; explores its relationship to classic, as well as more recently defined, clinical risk factors for atherosclerosis.
Journal ArticleDOI
Effects of Disturbed Flow on Vascular Endothelium: Pathophysiological Basis and Clinical Perspectives
Jeng Jiann Chiu,Shu Chien +1 more
TL;DR: Current knowledge on the role of disturbed flow in EC physiology and pathophysiology, as well as its clinical implications are summarized to contribute to the understanding of the etiology of lesion development in vascular niches with disturbed flow and help to generate new approaches for therapeutic interventions.
Journal ArticleDOI
Mechanotransduction in vascular physiology and atherogenesis
Cornelia Hahn,Martin A. Schwartz +1 more
TL;DR: This work has highlighted the potential endothelial mechanotransducers that might mediate responses to blood flow, the effects of atheroprotective rather than atherogenic flow,The mechanisms that contribute to the progression of the disease and how systemic factors interact with flow patterns to cause atherosclerosis.
Journal ArticleDOI
Hemodynamic shear stress and the endothelium in cardiovascular pathophysiology
TL;DR: Endothelium lining the cardiovascular system is highly sensitive to hemodynamic shear stresses that act at the vessel luminal surface in the direction of blood flow, which contributes to regional and focal heterogeneity of endothelial gene expression, which is important in vascular pathology.
Journal ArticleDOI
Intravenous Fluids and Acute Kidney Injury
TL;DR: In the setting of established acute kidney injury, fluid management can be challenging, and impaired capacity of urine output and urine concentration and dilution should be taken into consideration when designing fluid therapy.
References
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Flow-mediated endothelial mechanotransduction
TL;DR: The transmission of hemodynamic forces throughout the endothelium and the mechanotransduction mechanisms that lead to biophysical, biochemical, and gene regulatory responses of endothelial cells to hemodynamic shear stresses are reviewed.
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Functions of Cell Surface Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans
Merton Bernfield,Martin Götte,Pyong Woo Park,Ofer Reizes,Marilyn L. Fitzgerald,John Lincecum,Masahiro Zako +6 more
TL;DR: Current analyses of genetic defects in Drosophila melanogaster, mice, and humans confirm most of these activities in vivo and identify additional processes that involve cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans.
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Leukocytes roll on a selectin at physiologic flow rates: Distinction from and prerequisite for adhesion through integrins
TL;DR: Rolling of leukocytes on vascular endothelial cells, an early event in inflammation, can be reproduced in vitro on artificial lipid bilayers containing purified CD62, a selectin also named PADGEM and GMP-140 that is inducible on endothelial Cells.
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Flexural rigidity of microtubules and actin filaments measured from thermal fluctuations in shape.
TL;DR: The first accurate measurements of the flexural rigidity of microtubules are reported, showing that a microtubule is rigid over cellular dimensions and is expected to be almost inextensible.
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Traffic signals on endothelium for lymphocyte recirculation and leukocyte emigration
TL;DR: Recent findings show that the "traffic signals" for lymphocyte recirculation and for neutrophil and monocyte localization in inflammation are strikingly similar at the molecular level.