Journal ArticleDOI
Three Years of TRMM Precipitation Features. Part I: Radar, Radiometric, and Lightning Characteristics
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TLDR
In this article, the population of precipitation features is sorted by lightning flash rate, minimum brightness temperature, maximum radar reflectivity, areal extent, and volumetric rainfall, essentially describing the convective intensity or the size of the features.Abstract:
During its first three years, the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite observed nearly six million precipitation features. The population of precipitation features is sorted by lightning flash rate, minimum brightness temperature, maximum radar reflectivity, areal extent, and volumetric rainfall. For each of these characteristics, essentially describing the convective intensity or the size of the features, the population is broken into categories consisting of the top 0.001%, top 0.01%, top 0.1%, top 1%, top 2.4%, and remaining 97.6%. The set of “weakest/smallest” features composes 97.6% of the population because that fraction does not have detected lightning, with a minimum detectable flash rate of 0.7 flashes (fl) min−1. The greatest observed flash rate is 1351 fl min−1; the lowest brightness temperatures are 42 K (85 GHz) and 69 K (37 GHz). The largest precipitation feature covers 335 000 km2, and the greatest rainfall from an individual precipitation feature exceeds 2 × 1012 k...read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Where are the most intense thunderstorms on earth
TL;DR: In this article, the authors show the results of a systematic search through seven full years of the TRMM database to find indicators of uncommonly intense storms, such as strong (> 40 dBZ) radar echoes extending to great heights, high lightning flash rates, and very low brightness temperatures at 37 and 85 GHz.
Journal ArticleDOI
The global lightning-induced nitrogen oxides source
Ulrich Schumann,Heidi Huntrieser +1 more
TL;DR: The best estimate of the annual global LNOx nitrogen oxides nitrogen mass source and its uncertainty range is (5±3) Tg a−1 in this paper, implying larger flash-specific NOx emissions.
Journal ArticleDOI
Global precipitation measurement
Chris Kidd,George J. Huffman +1 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provide an overall review of global precipitation estimation, providing an outline of conventional measurements, the basis of the satellite systems used in the observation of precipitation, and the generation, availability and validation of the derived precipitation products.
Journal ArticleDOI
The GOES-R GeoStationary Lightning Mapper (GLM)
Steven J. Goodman,Richard J. Blakeslee,William J. Koshak,Douglas M. Mach,Jeffrey C. Bailey,Dennis E. Buechler,Lawrence D. Carey,Christopher J. Schultz,Monte G. Bateman,Eugene W. McCaul,Geoffrey T. Stano +10 more
TL;DR: The Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite R-series (GOES-R) is the next block of four satellites to follow the existing GOES constellation currently operating over the Western Hemisphere as mentioned in this paper.
Journal ArticleDOI
Storm Morphology and Rainfall Characteristics of TRMM Precipitation Features
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined regional variability in rain area and maximum horizontal extent of rainfall features, and role of storm morphology on rainfall production, focusing on the sampling geometry of the PR and the resulting impact on PF statistics across the global Tropics.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Sensor Package
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a reference guide to users wishing to make use of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission data, which covers each of the three primary rainfall instruments: the passive microwave radiometer, the precipitation radar, and the Visible and Infrared Radiometer System on board the spacecraft.
Journal ArticleDOI
The status of the tropical rainfall measuring mission (TRMM) after two years in orbit
Christian D. Kummerow,Joanne Simpson,Otto W. Thiele,William L. Barnes,Alfred T. C. Chang,Erich Franz Stocker,Robert F. Adler,Arthur Y. Hou,Ramesh K. Kakar,F. Wentz,P. Ashcroft,Toshiaki Kozu,Yang Hong,Ken-ichi Okamoto,T. Iguchi,H. Kuroiwa,Eastwood Im,Ziad S. Haddad,George J. Huffman,B. Ferrier,William S. Olson,Edward J. Zipser,Eric A. Smith,Thomas T. Wilheit,Gerald R. North,T. Krishnamurti,Kenji Nakamura +26 more
TL;DR: The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) was launched on 27 November 1997, and data from all the instruments first became available approximately 30 days after the launch as mentioned in this paper, and much progress has been made in the calibration of the sensors, the improvement of the rainfall algorithms, and applications of these results to areas such as data assimilation and model initialization.
Journal ArticleDOI
Global frequency and distribution of lightning as observed from space by the Optical Transient Detector
Hugh J. Christian,Richard J. Blakeslee,Dennis J. Boccippio,William L. Boeck,Dennis E. Buechler,Kevin T. Driscoll,Steven J. Goodman,John Hall,William J. Koshak,Douglas M. Mach,M. F. Stewart +10 more
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used the OTD measurements to construct lightning climatology maps that demonstrate the geographical and seasonal distribution of lightning activity for the globe, and found that lightning occurs mainly over land areas, with an average land/ocean ratio of 10:1.
Journal ArticleDOI
Riming Electrification as a Charge Generation Mechanism in Thunderstorms
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of the electrical field on charge separation during riming and the freezing potential of drops of rime was examined in cold room experiments simulating thunderstorm conditions.
Journal ArticleDOI
The Diurnal Cycle of Rainfall and Convective Intensity according to Three Years of TRMM Measurements
TL;DR: The authors presented a comprehensive analysis of the diurnal cycle of the observed precipitation features' rainfall amount, precipitation feature frequency, rainfall intensity, convective-stratiform rainfall portioning, and remotely sensed convective intensity, sampled Tropicswide from space.