This work reports the first user-interactive e-skin that not only spatially maps the applied pressure but also provides an instantaneous visual response through a built-in active-matrix organic light-emitting diode display with red, green and blue pixels.
Abstract:
Electr onic skin (e-skin) presents a network of mechanically flexible sensors that can conformally wrap irregular surfaces and spatially map and quantify various stimuli 1‐12 . Previous works on e-skin have focused on the optimization of pressure sensors interfaced with an electronic readout, whereas user interfaces based on a human-readable output were not explored. Here, we report the first user-interactive e-skin that not only spatially maps the applied pressure but also provides an instantaneous visual response through a built-in active-matrix organic light-emitting diode display with red, green and blue pixels. In this system, organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) are turned on locally where the surface is touched, and the intensity of the emitted light quantifies the magnitude of the applied pressure. This work represents a system-on-plastic 4,13‐17 demonstration where three distinct electronic components— thin-film transistor, pressure sensor and OLED arrays—are monolithically integrated over large areas on a single plastic substrate. The reported e-skin may find a wide range of applications in interactive input/control devices, smart wallpapers, robotics and medical/health monitoring devices.
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Q1. What have the authors contributed in "User-interactive electronic skin for instantaneous pressure visualization" ?
Here, the authors report the first user-interactive e-skin that not only spatially maps the applied pressure but also provides an instantaneous visual response through a built-in active-matrix organic light-emitting diode display with red, green and blue pixels. This work represents a system-on-plastic4,13–17 demonstration where three distinct electronic components— thin-film transistor, pressure sensor and OLED arrays—are monolithically integrated over large areas on a single plastic substrate. The reported e-skin may find a wide range of applications in interactive input/control devices, smart wallpapers, robotics and medical/health monitoring devices. Here, the authors incorporate the active-matrix design into the e-skin by using semiconductor-enriched nanotubes18 as the channel material of the TFTs. In this work, red, green, blue and yellow colours are demonstrated. Carbon nanotube networks are proven to be a promising material platform for high-performance TFTs ( refs 9,17,19–21 ) with high current drives needed for switching OLEDs ( ref. 22 ).
Q2. What is the function generator used to obtain the waveform from the output node?
Function generator is used tosupply square wave inputs (-5 to 5 V rail-to-rail) to the gate of the carbon nanotube TFT, and anoscilloscope is used to obtain the waveform from the output node.
Q3. What is the process of evaporation of the OLED?
Bake the sample in air at 250 C on a hotplate for 30 minutes to anneal the sputtered ITOand hard bake the photoresist.d) OLED evaporation through a shadow mask with pixel patterns using a high vacuum (~2×10-6 mbar) thermal evaporator in a glovebox.e)
Q4. how many g of weight is placed onto the PDMS?
200 g of weight is placed onto the PDMS with a size of around 0.5 cm2 and the corresponding pressure is 39.2 kPa. (c) The corresponding optical output from the same system.
Q5. How much pressure is needed to produce visible outputsignal?
In their current work, ~ 8.5 kPa of applied pressure is necessary to produce visible outputsignal (i.e., >1 Cd/m2) from the OLEDs as depicted in Fig.
Q6. What is the power consumption of the e-skin matrix?
The total static power consumption of the e-skin matrix caused by the off-stateleakage current of the TFTs is estimated to be ~ 1.4 mW for a VDD of 10 V.NATURE MATERIALS | www.nature.com/naturematerials
Q7. how can a carbon nanotube be bent?
S7Carbon nanotube TFTs and OLEDs can be bent to a curvature radius of ~ 4 mm withoutsignificant change in the electrical characteristics as depicted in Fig. S3a-b.
Q8. How much current is required to obtain a brightness of 100 Cd/m2?
Using the blue OLED as an example, it can be deducedthat a current level of ~200 µA/mm2 is required to obtain a brightness of ~100 Cd/m2.
Q9. What is the cutoff frequency for the active-matrix backplane?
for thenanotube transistors used in the active-matrix backplane in this paper, the cutoff frequency isestimated to be around 6.8 MHz for a channel length of 20 μm.
Q10. What is the operating speed of the single pixel circuit?
The authors note that the operating speed of the single pixel circuit is slower than the intrinsicperformance of nanotube TFTs (~ 7 MHz), which is extracted after de-embedding all the parasiticcapacitances.
Q11. how many ft of nanotube transistors are used in this work?
The ft of the nanotube transistors was measured to bethe ft can be considered inversely proportional to channel length squared (L2).
Q12. What is the simplest way to read out the data?
The realization would require fast refresh rate line-by-line scan so that all the active OLEDs can be visible to the human eye simultaneously.
Q13. What is the sensitivity of the OLEDs under pressure?
(c) Log-scale current (red trace) and brightness (blue trace) of an OLED/PSR combination circuit as a function of applied pressure.
Q14. What is the bending radii of the circuit?
Figure S9. (a) I-V characteristics of a parylene-encapsulated green OLED measured under various bending radii showing that parylene does not compromise the mechanical flexibility of the device.