Showing papers on "Anisakis published in 2016"
TL;DR: This review summarizes the immunopathology associated with Anisakis infection and suggests that exposure to fish should be avoided.
Abstract: Anisakis species are marine nematodes which can cause zoonotic infection in humans if consumed in raw, pickled or undercooked fish and seafood. Infection with Anisakis is associated with abdominal pain, nausea and diarrhoea and can lead to massive infiltration of eosinophils and formation of granulomas in the gastrointestinal tract if the larvae are not removed. Re-infection leads to systemic allergic reactions such as urticarial or anaphylaxis in some individuals, making Anisakis an important source of hidden allergens in seafood. This review summarizes the immunopathology associated with Anisakis infection. Anisakiasis and gastroallergic reactions can be prevented by consuming only fish that has been frozen to -20°C to the core for at least 24 hours before preparation. Sensitization to Anisakis proteins can also occur, primarily due to occupational exposure to infested fish, and can lead to dermatitis, rhinoconjunctivitis or asthma. In this case, exposure to fish should be avoided.
70 citations
TL;DR: Both the prevalence and intensity of infection increased with fish length but then began to decline, exhibiting dome-shaped dependence, and the role of the grey seal Halichoerus grypus in the dispersion of anisakid nematodes in the Baltic Sea is discussed.
69 citations
TL;DR: In vitro cell response to Anisakis products can result in at least two different scenarios, which in both cases lead to inflammation and DNA damage, the first to support the existence of conditions where such changes are feasible.
Abstract: In countries with elevated prevalence of zoonotic anisakiasis and high awareness of this parasitosis, a considerable number of cases that associate Anisakis sp. (Nematoda, Anisakidae) and different bowel carcinomas have been described. Although neoplasia and embedded larvae were observed sharing the common site affected by chronic inflammation, no association between the nematode and malignancy were directly proved. Similarly, no data are available about the effect of secretory and excretory products of infecting larvae at the host’s cellular level, except in respect to allergenic interaction. To test the mechanisms by which human non-immune cells respond to the larvae, we exposed the fibroblast cell line HS-68 to two Anisakis products (ES, excretory/secretory products; and EC, crude extract) and evaluated molecular markers related to stress response, oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis, such as p53, HSP70, TNF-α, c-jun and c-fos, employing cell viability assay, spectrophotometry, immunoblotting and qPCR. Both Anisakis products led to increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), especially in EC-treated cells. While the ES treatment induces activation of kinases suggesting inflammation and cell proliferation (or inhibition of apoptosis), in EC-treated cells, other signaling pathways indicate the inhibition of apoptosis, marked by strong upregulation of Hsp70. Elevated induction of p53 in fibroblasts treated by both Anisakis products, suggests a significantly negative effect on the host DNA. This study shows that in vitro cell response to Anisakis products can result in at least two different scenarios, which in both cases lead to inflammation and DNA damage. Although these preliminary results are far from proving a relationship between the parasite and cancer, they are the first to support the existence of conditions where such changes are feasible.
67 citations
TL;DR: A new method of examining fish for infection with zoonotic nematode larvae is described and has several advantages, such as: not using UV or HCl for fish examination, allowing the examination of a larger number of fish in shorter time; larval specimens collected being suitable for both morphological and DNA sequencing; and being simple and inexpensive.
63 citations
TL;DR: The reported cases indicate that anisakiasis is a rare disease, but the true incidence of the disease could be potentially higher than what is reported in the literature as cases can go undiagnosed.
Abstract: Clinicians can be forgiven for thinking of anisakiasis as a rare condition low in the differential diagnosis of abdominal pain. Gastrointestinal anisakiasis is a zoonotic parasitic disease caused by consumption of raw or undercooked seafood infected with nematodes of the genus Anisakis. Even though the reported cases indicate that this is a rare disease, the true incidence of the disease could be potentially higher than what is reported in the literature as cases can go undiagnosed. Diagnosis and treatment of gastric anisakiasis are made by a compatible dietary history, direct visualization, and removal of the larvae via gastroscopy. Serologic testing and imaging studies are useful in the diagnosis of intestinal anisakiasis and conservative management should be considered. This disease may mimic other diseases and lead to unnecessary surgery. This emphasizes the importance of suspecting gastrointestinal anisakiasis by history taking and by other diagnostic modalities.
60 citations
TL;DR: Bayesian clustering, using allozymes and EF1 α−1 nDNA markers, has demonstrated that hybridization between A. pegreffii and A. simplex is a contemporary phenomenon in sympatric areas, while no introgressive hybridization takes place between the two species.
Abstract: A multi-marker nuclear genotyping approach was performed on larval and adult specimens of Anisakis spp. (N = 689) collected from fish and cetaceans in allopatric and sympatric areas of the two species Anisakis pegreffii and Anisakis simplex (s. s.), in order to: (1) identify specimens belonging to the parental taxa by using nuclear markers (allozymes loci) and sequence analysis of a new diagnostic nuclear DNA locus (i.e. partial sequence of the EF1 α-1 nDNA region) and (2) recognize hybrid categories. According to the Bayesian clustering algorithms, based on those markers, most of the individuals (N = 678) were identified as the parental species [i.e. A. pegreffii or A. simplex (s. s.)], whereas a smaller portion (N = 11) were recognized as F1 hybrids. Discordant results were obtained when using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphisms (PCR-RFLPs) of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) ribosomal DNA (rDNA) on the same specimens, which indicated the occurrence of a large number of 'hybrids' both in sympatry and allopatry. These findings raise the question of possible misidentification of specimens belonging to the two parental Anisakis and their hybrid categories derived from the application of that single marker (i.e. PCR-RFLPs analysis of the ITS of rDNA). Finally, Bayesian clustering, using allozymes and EF1 α-1 nDNA markers, has demonstrated that hybridization between A. pegreffii and A. simplex (s. s.) is a contemporary phenomenon in sympatric areas, while no introgressive hybridization takes place between the two species.
56 citations
TL;DR: It is suggested that integrative modelling combining abiotic and biotic parameters is a valid approach for habitat suitability assessments of Anisakis, and potentially other marine parasite species.
Abstract: Marine nematodes of the genus Anisakis are common parasites of a wide range of aquatic organisms. Public interest is primarily based on their importance as zoonotic agents of the human Anisakiasis, a severe infection of the gastro-intestinal tract as result of consuming live larvae in insufficiently cooked fish dishes. The diverse nature of external impacts unequally influencing larval and adult stages of marine endohelminth parasites requires the consideration of both abiotic and biotic factors. Whereas abiotic factors are generally more relevant for early life stages and might also be linked to intermediate hosts, definitive hosts are indispensable for a parasite’s reproduction. In order to better understand the uneven occurrence of parasites in fish species, we here use the maximum entropy approach (Maxent) to model the habitat suitability for nine Anisakis species accounting for abiotic parameters as well as biotic data (definitive hosts). The modelled habitat suitability reflects the observed distribution quite well for all Anisakis species, however, in some cases, habitat suitability exceeded the known geographical distribution, suggesting a wider distribution than presently recorded. We suggest that integrative modelling combining abiotic and biotic parameters is a valid approach for habitat suitability assessments of Anisakis, and potentially other marine parasite species.
54 citations
TL;DR: This study employs high-throughput (Illumina) sequencing and bioinformatics to characterise the transcriptomes of two Anisakis species, and utilizes this resource to compile lists of potential allergens from these parasites, including molecules putatively acting as allergens.
Abstract: Background: Food-borne nematodes of the genus Anisakis are responsible for a wide range of illnesses (=anisakiasis), from self-limiting gastrointestinal forms to severe systemic allergic reactions, which are often misdiagnosed and under-reported. In order to enhance and refine current diagnostic tools for anisakiasis, knowledge of the whole spectrum of parasite molecules transcribed and expressed by this parasite, including those acting as potential allergens, is necessary.
Methodology/Principal Findings: In this study, we employ high-throughput (Illumina) sequencing and bioinformatics to characterise the transcriptomes of two Anisakis species, A. simplex and A. pegreffii, and utilize this resource to compile lists of potential allergens from these parasites. A total of similar to 65,000,000 reads were generated from cDNA libraries for each species, and assembled into similar to 34,000 transcripts (=Unigenes); similar to 18,000 peptides were predicted from each cDNA library and classified based on homology searches, protein motifs and gene ontology and biological pathway mapping. Using comparative analyses with sequence data available in public databases, 36 (A. simplex) and 29 (A. pegreffii) putative allergens were identified, including sequences encoding `novel' Anisakis allergenic proteins (i.e. cyclophilins and ABA-1 domain containing proteins).
Conclusions/Significance: This study represents a first step towards providing the research community with a curated dataset to use as a molecular resource for future investigations of the biology of Anisakis, including molecules putatively acting as allergens, using functional genomics, proteomics and immunological tools. Ultimately, an improved knowledge of the biological functions of these molecules in the parasite, as well as of their immunogenic properties, will assist the development of comprehensive, reliable and robust diagnostic tools.
48 citations
TL;DR: Two quantitative liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry methods for the detection of A. simplex protein in fish are described and preliminary method validation included the assessment of sensitivity, repeatability, reproducibility, and applicability to incurred and naturally-contaminated samples for both assays.
28 citations
01 Dec 2016
TL;DR: The parasite community of P. blennoides was characterized by high abundance, richness and diversity, and Cysts of unknown etiology in fish gills were detected at higher prevalence than in any other fish from the same area.
Abstract: The greater forkbeard Phycis blennoides is a benthopelagic fish distributed in the Mediterranean and NE Atlantic. The main goal of this study is to describe the complete parasite community of this species, which is at present unknown. A total of 188 specimens of P. blennoides were captured in the Balearic Sea (NW Mediterranean Sea) at 550–1250 m depth during the four seasons of 2007, in summer of 2010 and in summer and autumn of 2011 at five distinct localities off the mainland slope off Catalonia coasts and off the insular slope off the Balearic Islands. Environmental and fish biological, parasitological, dietary, enzymatic and histological data were obtained and the relationships among them tested. A total of 20 different parasites were recovered, of which 11 constitute new host records. The most important parasites were the monogenean Diclidophora phycidis, the digeneans Bathycreadium brayi and Lepidapedon spp., the nematodes Capillaria gracilis , Collarinema collaris , Cucullanus sp. and Hysterothylacium aduncum , and the copepod Clavella alata . Overall, the parasite community of P. blennoides was characterized by high abundance, richness and diversity. Significant differences in the structure of the parasite community were detected between samples from 1000 m depth and between samples from off the mainland and insular slopes. Significant seasonal and/or geographical differences were found for some specific parasites. Abundance of the nematode C. collaris was associated to high levels of turbidity and O 2 concentrations near the bottom. Abundances of H. aduncum , D. phycidis , B. brayi and Lepidapedon spp. were linked to high near-bottom temperature and salinity. Dietary analyses evidenced the role as potential intermediate hosts in parasite transmission by some prey (e.g. the teleost Gaidropsarus biscayensis for the cestode Grillotia cf. erinaceus and the nematodes Anisakis spp. or the euphausiid Meganyctiphanes norvegica for the acanthocephalan Echinorhynchus sp.). While the abundance of B. brayi , C. collaris , Cucullanus sp. and Echinorhynchus sp. was negatively linked to acetylcholinesterase activity (AChE), the abundance of Echinorhynchus sp. and H. aduncum correlated positively with lipid peroxidation levels. Cysts of unknown etiology in fish gills were detected at higher prevalence than in any other fish from the same area. Number and area of hepatic macrophage centres varied significantly among seasonal and geographical groups and seemed not significantly influenced by parasite infection levels.
26 citations
TL;DR: The sequence analysis confirmed the hybridisation in the 85% of the larvae recognised as hybrid forms by PCR- RFLP, suggesting this form as the product of natural interspecific recombination due to the presence of sympatry areas.
TL;DR: The presence of a relatively broad diversity of potentially zoonotic nematodes in edible fish of the Persian Gulf is shown and educational campaigns for public and local health practitioners are suggested to protect consumers from becoming infected with these parasites.
TL;DR: The low level of infection and the species composition of ascaridoid nematodes seem to indicate the presence of low risk of human anisakidosis when local population consumed these marine fishes examined herein.
TL;DR: The data indicate that the Ani s 11-like protein is a pepsin- and heat-resistant major allergen of Anisakis spp.
Abstract: Background:Anisakis simplex is a fish parasite responsible for gastrointestinal and allergic symptoms in humans. The Ani s 11-like protein has been proposed as an Anisakis allergen because its primary structure is similar to that of Ani s 11. The aims of this work were to analyse the frequency of detection of the Ani s 11-like protein and assess its diagnostic value. Methods: rAni s 11-like protein, rAni s 5 and rAni s 4 were expressed in Escherichia coli and rAni s 1 was produced in Pichia pastoris. Recombinant allergen detection patterns in 37 Anisakis-sensitised patients were determined. The stability to pepsin digestion and heat treatment of rAni s 11-like protein was also analysed by IgE immunoblotting. Results: Ani s 11-like protein is a major allergen detected by 78% of Anisakis-allergic patients, and 13.5% of patients detect only the rAni s 11-like allergen. This allergen is heat stable because it retains its capability of binding IgE after boiling for 30 min and it is resistant to pepsin digestion for 120 min. Conclusions: These data indicate that the Ani s 11-like protein is a pepsin- and heat-resistant major allergen (Ani s 11.0201) of Anisakis spp. and a valuable tool for Anisakis allergy component-resolved diagnosis.
TL;DR: Specific IgE monitoring showed that specific IgE titres increase in some allergic patients and that allergen contamination of fishery products can account for the observed increase in Anisakis spp..-specific IgE level.
Abstract: Background
Sensitization to Anisakis spp. can produce allergic reactions after eating raw or undercooked parasitized fish. Specific IgE is detected long after the onset of symptoms, but the changes in specific IgE levels over a long follow-up period are unknown; furthermore, the influence of Anisakis spp. allergen exposure through consumption of fishery products is also unknown.
Objective
To analyse the changes in IgE sensitization to Anisakis spp. allergens over several years of follow-up and the influence of the consumption of fishery products in IgE sensitization.
Methods
Total IgE, Anisakis spp.-specific IgE, anti-Ani s 1 and anti-Ani s 4 IgE were repeatedly measured over a median follow-up duration of 49 months in 17 sensitized patients.
Results
Anisakis spp.-specific IgE was detected in 16/17 patients throughout the follow-up period. The comparison between baseline and last visit measurements showed significant decreases in both total IgE and specific IgE. The specific IgE values had an exponential or polynomial decay trend in 13/17 patients. In 4/17 patients, an increase in specific IgE level with the introduction of fish to the diet was observed. Three patients reported symptoms after eating aquaculture or previously frozen fish, and in two of those patients, symptom presentation was coincident with an increase in specific IgE level.
Conclusions
IgE sensitization to Anisakis spp. allergens lasts for many years since specific IgE was detectable in some patients after more than 8 years from the allergic episode. Specific IgE monitoring showed that specific IgE titres increase in some allergic patients and that allergen contamination of fishery products can account for the observed increase in Anisakis spp.-specific IgE level.
Clinical Relevance
Following sensitization to Anisakis spp. allergens, the absence of additional exposure to those allergens does not result in the loss of IgE sensitization. Exposure to Anisakis spp. allergens in fishery products can increase the specific IgE level in some sensitized patients.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors determined parameters of parasitization of Anisakis simplex s.l. in Micromesistius poutassou in a confluence zone of the Atlantic and Mediterranean, with a total prevalence of 82%.
TL;DR: The present study was considered as the first report of anisakid larvae from European hake in the Egyptian water and a positive relationship between host length/weight and prevalence of infection was found.
Abstract: The prevalence of infection and the identification of anisakid larvae in European hake Merluccius merluccius lessepsianus from Hurghada City, Red Sea Governorate, Egypt, were investigated. Fish samples were collected during the period of February and November 2014. Twenty-two (36.66%) out of sixty examined fish specimens were found to be naturally infected with Anisakis type I larvae mostly found as encapsulated larvae in visceral organs. There was a positive relationship between host length/weight and prevalence of infection. Based on morphological, morphometric, and molecular analyses, these nematodes were identified as third-stage larvae of Anisakis simplex. The present study was considered as the first report of anisakid larvae from European hake in the Egyptian water.
TL;DR: A woman was found infected during a colonoscopy scheduled after the occurrence of nonspecific clinical symptoms and showed a 99% identity with Pseudoterranoviasis, which underlines the potential risk due to the consumption of raw or undercooked imported fishes.
TL;DR: The present study suggests that S. mentella in the northern North Sea and Barents Sea is not sub-structured and multivariate analyses as a tool to evaluate parasite infra-communities and to identify parasite species that might serve as biological tags are confirmed.
Abstract: The use of parasites as biological tags for discrimination of fish stocks has become a commonly used approach in fisheries management. Metazoan parasite community analysis and anisakid nematode population genetics based on a mitochondrial cytochrome marker were applied in order to assess the usefulness of the two parasitological methods for stock discrimination of beaked redfish Sebastes mentella of three fishing grounds in the North East Atlantic. Multivariate, model-based approaches demonstrated that the metazoan parasite fauna of beaked redfish from East Greenland differed from Tampen, northern North Sea, and Bear Island, Barents Sea. A joint model (latent variable model) was used to estimate the effects of covariates on parasite species and identified four parasite species as main source of differences among fishing grounds; namely Chondracanthus nodosus, Anisakis simplex s.s., Hysterothylacium aduncum, and Bothriocephalus scorpii. Due to its high abundance and differences between fishing grounds, Anisakis simplex s.s. was considered as a major biological tag for host stock differentiation. Whilst the sole examination of Anisakis simplex s.s. on a population genetic level is only of limited use, anisakid nematodes (in particular, A. simplex s.s.) can serve as biological tags on a parasite community level. This study confirmed the use of multivariate analyses as a tool to evaluate parasite infra-communities and to identify parasite species that might serve as biological tags. The present study suggests that S. mentella in the northern North Sea and Barents Sea is not sub-structured.
TL;DR: A significant correlation was found between total nematode prevalence and depth, explained by the presence of larger broadtail shortfin squids inhabiting deeper depths, improving the knowledge of the occurrence of Anisakis and Hysterothylacium species in the I. coindetii from the Spanish Mediterranean Sea.
TL;DR: Aside from the recommendation of freezing fish at −20 °C for at least 24 h in case the fish is consumed raw or poorly cooked, the aforementioned factors should be considered by the consumer when purchasing this fish species to avoid any potential anisakiasis risk.
TL;DR: A case of acute dysentery caused by anisakiasis in a 64-year-old man in Malaysia is reported and a nematode larva was found penetrating the mucosa of the ascending colon.
Abstract: Human anisakiasis is a zoonosis acquired by eating raw or undercooked infected seafood. Herein, we report a case of acute dysentery caused by anisakiasis in a 64-year-old man in Malaysia. A colonoscopy was performed and a nematode larva was found penetrating the mucosa of the ascending colon. Bleeding was observed at the site of penetration. Y-shaped lateral epidermal cords were seen from the cross section of the worm, which is a prominent feature of Anisakis larva. Molecular analysis using polymerase chain reaction of cytochrome oxidase 2 (cox2) gene confirmed the specimen to be larva of Anisakis simplex.
TL;DR: This study represents the first published sequences from thenGOM for the fishes Argyropelecus aculeatus, Maurolicus weitzmani, and Polyipnus clarus and the first molecular identification of larval ascaridoids from mesopelagic fishes in the nGOM.
Abstract: Mesopelagic fishes represent significant ecological links between mesozooplankton and the larger pelagic squids, fishes, and marine mammals. As such, these fishes also play a significant role as intermediate or paratenic hosts for parasites that require a crustacean intermediate host and mature in marine mammals or pelagic fishes. We examined a total of 208 individuals representing 5 species of Sternoptychidae and 88 individuals representing 2 species of Phosichthyidae from 20 locations in the northern Gulf of Mexico (nGOM). Six of the 7 species we examined are mesopelagic and one species was benthopelagic. We found the larval stages of Anisakis brevispiculata, Anisakis typica, Hysterothylacium fortalezae (all Nematoda: Ascaridoidea); Bolbosoma sp. (Acanthocephala: Polymorphidae); and Tetraphyllidea (Cestoda) plus an immature specimen of Brachyphallus sp. (Digenea). Molecular sequencing was used to identify the ascaridoids and Bolbosoma sp. and to confirm the identification of 3 host sternoptychid species. The mesopelagic fishes hosted Anisakis brevispiculata (that matures in pygmy and dwarf sperm whales) and Hysterothylacium fortalezae (that matures in pelagic fishes, primarily mackerels), whereas the benthopelagic species was parasitized by Anisakis typica (that matures in dolphins). We suggest this pattern of infection indicates a pelagic life—cycle for Anisakis brevispiculata and Hysterothylacium fortalezae and a demersal life—cycle for Anisakis typica. Our study represents the first published sequences from the nGOM for the fishes Argyropelecus aculeatus, Maurolicus weitzmani, and Polyipnus clarus and the first molecular identification of larval ascaridoids from mesopelagic fishes in the nGOM.
TL;DR: A new Anisakidae larvae detection method using a mechanical digestion system called Trichineasy® was developed and the results confirm this instrumentation as a valuable and safe tool for the detection of AnisAKidae larvae in fishery products.
Abstract: Anisakis and other parasites belonging to the Anisakidae family are organisms of interest for human health, because of their high zoonotic potential. Parasites belonging to this family can cause Anisakiasis, a parasitological disease caused by the ingestion of raw, infested fish products. Furthermore, evidence from the EFSA (European Food Safety Authority; EFSA 2010) has highlighted the allergological potential of nematodes belonging to the Anisakis genre. The detection and identification of Anisakidae larvae in fish products requires an initial visual inspection of the fish sample, as well as other techniques such as candling, UV illumination and artificial digestion. The digestion method consists of the simulation of digestive mechanics, which is made possible by the utilization of HCl and pepsin, according to EC Regulation 2075/2005. In this study, a new Anisakidae larvae detection method using a mechanical digestion system called Trichineasy® was developed. A total of 142 fish samples, belonging to 14 different species, were examined to validate the method. A reaction mixture with 100 g of sample, 10 g of pepsin (1:10000 NF) and 50 ml of 10% HCl at 36 ± 1°C for 20 minutes was evaluated to be the best condition for the digestion of fish samples. These parameters have also allowed the detection of viable larvae after digestion. The results confirm this instrumentation as a valuable and safe tool for the detection of Anisakidae larvae in fishery products.
TL;DR: It is concluded that under current farming practices, the risk of contracting anisakiasis from Scottish farmed halibut and rainbow trout is extremely low to negligible and they do not pose a significant risk to consumers in terms of the ingestion of these parasites.
TL;DR: Endoscopists should be aware of the potential for multiple infection by Anisakis and the need for a thorough inspection of all parts of the stomach when encountering such cases.
Abstract: The ingestion of raw seafood infected with nematode larvae of the Anisakidae family can lead to gastric anisakiasis. The majority of the infections involve a single larva, however, there have been instances of multiple infection. The incidence rate and the characteristics of multiple infection by Anisakis remain poorly understood. We herein present a case of parasitization by multiple Anisakis larvae and describe 14 cases of multiple parasitization representing the largest reported case series to date. Endoscopists should therefore be aware of the potential for multiple infection by Anisakis and the need for a thorough inspection of all parts of the stomach when encountering such cases.
TL;DR: This study demonstrated for the first time the identification of A. nascettii in the Brazilian Atlantic Coast, revealing a wider geographical distribution of this parasite worldwide and extending the range of its definitive hosts to a new Mesoplodon species, M. europaeus, the Gervais' beaked whale.
Abstract: Anisakid nematodes are parasites with an indirect life cycle, involving many hosts, including cetaceans that act as definitive hosts. Identification at species level is crucial for a better understanding of the epidemiology and ecology of these parasites, but an accurate diagnosis based only on morphology is difficult. In Brazil, genetic characterization of anisakids is still rare, with Anisakis typica and A. physeteris being the only two species identified by genetic markers until now. The definitive hosts of A. nascettii are Mesoplodon grayi, M. bowdoini, M. layardii and M. mirus. Geographical locations of A. nascettii include the coasts of New Zealand, South Africa and Europe. In this study, a nematode was collected from a Gervais' beaked whale, Mesoplodon europaeus, stranded in Ceara State, north-east Brazil. Genetic analysis based on 18S rDNA, internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and mtDNA cox2 gene revealed 100% identity with Anisakis sp. U94365, 99% with Anisakis sp. (MP-2005 EU718477 A. nascettii) and 99% with A. nascettii DQ116431, respectively. Phylogenetic analyses of ITS and cox2 sequences using both neighbour-joining and maximum-likelihood methods provided strong support for a clade with only A. nascettii specimens. This study demonstrated for the first time the identification of A. nascettii in the Brazilian Atlantic Coast, revealing a wider geographical distribution of this parasite worldwide and extending the range of its definitive hosts to a new Mesoplodon species, M. europaeus, the Gervais' beaked whale.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Zoonotic anisakid nematodes by high prevalence in edible fish could be a health hazard for people, so health practices should be considered in these areas.
Abstract: Background: Anisakid nematodes are common parasites of fish, mammals, fish-eating birds, and reptiles with a worldwide distribution, causing diseases in human, fish and important economic losses. Methods: A preliminary epidemiological study was carried out on Anisakid nematodes larvae in some commercially important fish species to evaluate the anisakid nematode larvae from greater lizardfish, ( Saurida tumbil) , Japanese thread fin bream ( Nemipterus japonicus ), crocodile longtom ( Tylosurus crocodilus crocodiles ) and longfin trevally ( Carangoides armatus ) from the Persian Gulf of Iran. Result: The collected larvae were identified mainly as the third larval stage (L3) of Hysterothylacium larval type A, B and C, Anisakis sp., Raphidascaris sp., Pseudoterranova sp. and Philometra sp. (Nematoda: Philometridae). The prevalence of Anisakid larvae infection of examined fishes was 97.2% in N. japonicus , 90.3% in S. tumbil, 20.5% in crocodile longtom and 5.5% in longfin trevally. Anisakis type III for the first time was different from Anisakis type I and Anisakis type II. Discussion: Zoonotic anisakids by high prevalence in edible fish could be a health hazard for people. So health practices should be considered in these areas.
TL;DR: An invasive anisakid, Hysterothylacium amoyense, with histopathologic features observed in the mammal model (mouse), has been found in benthic fish Platycephalous indicus in the Persian Gulf, Bushehr region, southern Iran and should be regarded as a public health problem.
Abstract: Anisakids belong to a genus of parasitic nematodes with a life cycle involving fish and marine mammals. They cause anisakidosis (anisakiasis) by accidental ingestion of larval stage (Anisakis and other Anisakids), causing both gastrointestinal and allergic reaction in human. The aim of the current study was to report the finding of Hysterothylacium amoyense in Platycephalous indicus fishes and also its probable pathologic effect on a mouse model. In this regard, a total of 27 live third stage larvae ranging from 1.5 to 3 mm in length were collected from gut submucosa of the fish Platycephalous indicus [ZAMIN KAN] and washed up by saline 6 %, and two were characterized as Hysterothylacium amoyense by morphologic and molecular techniques. A total of 25 larvae were orally fed to 5 inbred mice (each 5). A total of 5 mice were also selected as control group; they did not receive the larvae. After 2 weeks, all mice were necropsied using ethical protocol of SUMS. Their specimens, both gross and histologic, were observed and described. Tumor-like nodules were observed in 3 out of 5 infected mice group which could be misdiagnosed as cancer. Microscopic examinations showed lymphocytic infiltration. No pathologic changes were found in the control group. The results showed an invasive anisakid, Hysterthylacium amoyense, with histopathologic features observed in the mammal model (mouse). The parasite has been found in benthic fish Platycephalous indicus in the Persian Gulf, Bushehr region, southern Iran. The parasite could be regarded as a possible source of anisakidosis in coastal populations and should be regarded as a public health problem.
TL;DR: Molecular analsis, performed in the laboratory by amplification and sequence nalysis of cytochrome oxidase subunit II (cox2) gene, allowed to identify the causative nematode larva identified by moleclar biology as Anisakis pegreffii and not A. simplex as reported by the authors.