Showing papers on "Bark published in 2003"
TL;DR: Alternative to wild-collection to meet future market demand are investigated, including conservation practices, enrichment plantings, small- and large-scale production, and protection of genetic resources.
129 citations
TL;DR: A randomised field experiment established 24 years ago in Scots pine in southern Sweden was used to evaluate whole-tree harvesting influences site productivity and whether it is consistent with the principle of sustainable use of forest resources.
122 citations
TL;DR: For the first time an anti-microbial activity is reported for Aristolochia trilobata as well as for Syngonium podophyllum in herbal drugs used in traditional medicine of Belize.
121 citations
TL;DR: The hypothesis that as mixed forests have greater semiochemical diversity than pure host stands; they disturb olfactory guided host choice, and may reduce the possibility of outbreaks of conifer-infesting bark beetles is supported.
Abstract: Host and habitat selection in flight by conifer bark beetles is governed by inhibition of attraction by non-host volatiles (NHV), in addition to the well-known attraction to kairomones from host plants and to aggregation pheromones from conspecifics. Antennally-active NHV from angiosperm birch and aspen trees were field tested on the European spruce bark beetle, Ips typographus (L.), by pheromone baited traps in Sweden using release rates of NHV comparable to those from a non-host tree. Trap catches were significantly reduced by 50-70% by individual NHV: trans-conophthorin, 3-octanol and 1-octen-3-ol from non-host bark, 1-hexanol and (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol from both leaves and bark and (E)-2-hexen-1-ol from leaves. Combined NHV signals in binary and ternary blends with the same overall release rates (ca 5 mg/day) showed both redundancy and synergism in their inhibitory effects. The redundancy occurred among individual green leaf alcohols (GLV-alcohols or C 6 -alcohols), C 8 -alcohols, and between these two groups, while trans-conophthorin and verbenone (Vn, from unsuitable host trees) showed significant synergistic effects between each other and with GLV-alcohols or C 8 -alcohols. The coexistence of redundancy and synergism in non-host chemical signals may indicate different functional levels (non-host habitats, species, and unsuitable host trees) of these negative volatile signals in the host selection process of conifer bark beetles. We showed an active inhibitory range (AIR) of a NHV-blend plus Vn on a standard pheromone bait to be at least 2 m, by using a central pheromone trap and surrounding concentric barrier trap rings with radii of 1, 2, and 4 m. The influx of bark beetles flying across concentric rings within the AIR was reduced by 55-99%, depending on the distance to the central pipe trap. Our findings support the hypothesis that as mixed forests have greater semiochemical diversity than pure host stands; they disturb olfactory guided host choice, and may reduce the possibility of outbreaks of conifer-infesting bark beetles. The synergistic effects as well as the active inhibitory range found in this study also suggest that optimal combinations of these NHV and verbenone may have potential in protecting forests against I. tyographus by reducing or stopping attacks on suitable host trees. Mixed stands with higher semio-chemical diversity disturb olfactory guided host choice and reduce the risk for outbreaks of specialist herbivores. This semiochemical-diversity hypothesis' provides new support to the general 'stability-diversity hypothesis'.
119 citations
TL;DR: Only Remijia ferruginea showed antimalarial activity, reducing parasitaemia and mortality at the highest dose tested, and its phytochemical analysis showed the presence of alkaloids but not quinine.
105 citations
TL;DR: The most significant finding was that small trees were more resistant to heating than expected from commonly used models of bark heat transfer, which appears to have superior insulating properties compared to outer bark.
97 citations
TL;DR: Stem diameter (under bark) and heartwood diameter at different stem heights differed among sample trees, even when plotted in relative values to avoid dependency with stem size, and dry density values for T. grandis plantations in Costa Rica are similar to those reported elsewhere.
Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the heartwood, sapwood and bark content, and wood dry density of young and mature teak (Tectona grandis) trees. For this, 17 plantations were selected from 11 sites representing different climatic conditions and plantation densities (156 to 1600 trees ha-1, and line planting). From these plantations, a total of 87 trees with ages between 5 and 47 years were felled for stem analysis. The highest heartwood proportion of stem volume (over bark) was 61% and the lowest 0.4%. The sapwood proportion ranged between 24 and 72%, while bark represented from 14 to 37% of the total volume. Heartwood proportion was significantly different (P
91 citations
TL;DR: The herbicidal effects of A. altissima bark extract declined within the first few weeks after application, supporting previous evidence that ailanthone is rapidly degraded under field conditions.
Abstract: Extracts of Ailanthus altissima stem bark were evaluated for herbicidal effects under field conditions in two outdoor trials. Previous investigations had shown A. altissima bark, extracted with methanol, yielded a strongly phytotoxic extract that contained ailanthone as one of the major herbicidal compounds. The first field trial investigated the level of activity and selectivity of the extract. A. altissima bark extract was sprayed post-emergence onto 17 species of weeds and crops at rates of 366, 177, 93, 47, 23, and 0 kg ha−1. These application rates provided herbicidal activity equivalent to 4.5, 2.2, 1.1, 0.6, 0.3, and 0.0 kg of pure ailanthone per hectare, based on the results of a laboratory bioassay of extract and pure ailanthone. Strong herbicidal effects were observed within several days. Even the lowest rate caused mortality and injury in excess of 50% for nine of the 17 species, and a significant reduction in shoot biomass for 13 species. The second field trial tested the ability of bark extract to control weeds under field conditions with horticultural crops (bush bean, cauliflower, sweet corn, tomato). A. altissima bark extract was sprayed post-emergence at rates of 99, 50, 26, 13, and 0 kg ha−1, providing herbicidal activity equivalent to 1.1, 0.6, 0.3, 0.14, and 0.0 kg of pure ailanthone per hectare. Extract treatment provided partial weed control (greatest reduction in weed biomass was 40%), but also caused serious crop injury. Bush bean was the only crop that showed a significant increase in shoot biomass and fruit yield, compared to the non-weeded control. None of the crops, regardless of application rate, showed a level of shoot biomass or fruit yield comparable to the hand-weeded control. The herbicidal effects of A. altissima bark extract declined within the first few weeks after application, supporting previous evidence that ailanthone is rapidly degraded under field conditions.
77 citations
TL;DR: Results of FTIR spectroscopy suggested that no chemical bonds between barks and oily compounds were established and suggested that their removal could exceed 95% of initial oil concentration.
71 citations
TL;DR: The crude extract and the flavonoids and isoflavonoids obtained from the roots of this plant showed antiplasmodial activities.
Abstract: From the root bark of Erythrina abyssinica a new pterocarpene [3-hydroxy-9-methoxy-10-(3,3-dimethylallyl)pterocarpene] and a new isoflav-3-ene [7,4'-dihydroxy-2',5'-dimethoxyisoflav-3-ene] were isolated. In addition, the known compounds erycristagallin, licoagrochalcone A, octacosyl ferulate and triacontyl 4-hydroxycinnamate were identified. The structures were determined on the basis of spectroscopic evidence. The crude extract and the flavonoids and isoflavonoids obtained from the roots of this plant showed antiplasmodial activities.
69 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that high-dose verbenone plus NHV treatments could be implemented operationally as a minor component of an integrated pest management strategy for large infestations, particularly in a push-pull tactic in which beetles are pushed from one area by the antiaggregant treatment and drawn into another with attractive baits.
Abstract: We evaluated the antiaggregation pheromone verbenone at low and high doses alone and with a seven-component repellent blend of nonhost angiosperm bark volatiles (NHVs) for their ability to deter at...
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial and nuclear rDNA placed most isolates of basidiomycetes from bark beetles into two distinct clades, and data suggest that Entomocorticium is derived from the paraphyletic genus Peniophora, which are wood decay fungi with windborne basidiospores.
Abstract: Relatively few species of phloem-inhabiting bark beetles feed heavily on fungi. Basidiomycetous fungi appear to be more commonly fed upon than ascomycetous fungi, but the basidiomycete associates are poorly known because they generally do not produce sexual fruiting structures in culture. Phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial and nuclear rDNA placed most isolates of basidiomycetes from bark beetles into two distinct clades. One of the basidiomycetes was identified as Phlebiopsis gigantea, a fungus that produces windborne basidiospores from fruiting bodies on the outside of logs and stumps, typical for wood decay fungi. However, P. gigantea also produces asexual spores (arthroconidia) in the pupal chambers of bark beetles, which provide food for the beetles and a mechanism for dispersal by their insect vectors. The other clade consisted of a monophyletic group of nine species nested within the large genus Peniophora, which are wood decay fungi with windborne basidiospores. One of these Peniophora-like species from bark beetles was described earlier as Entomocorticium dendroctoni, and examination of the basidia of this species and two other species in this clade revealed short, flattened sterigmata and an apparent lack of forcible discharge of basidiospores. The data suggest that Entomocorticium is derived from the paraphyletic genus Peniophora. The irreversible loss of forcible discharge of basidiospores has apparently allowed for more effective grazing by bark beetles and adherence of the basidiospores to the beetle exoskeleton for dispersal.
TL;DR: Evidence is provided that IAA and ABA are involved in the bark reconstitution of Eucommia ulmoides using high-performance liquid-chromatography and fluoro-immuno-localization techniques.
Abstract: Eucommia ulmoides (Eucommiaceae), a traditional Chinese medicinal plant, is often subjected to severe manual peeling of its bark. If the girdled trunk is well protected from desiccation, new bark forms within 1 month. It has been proposed that phytohormones play a key role in this process. Research has been conducted to determine the distribution of endogenous indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA) during the bark recovery, using high-performance liquid-chromatography (HPLC) and fluoro-immuno-localization techniques. Results showed that, from 2 d after girdling, the IAA content in the recovering bark (RB) increased markedly while that of ABA decreased. The opposite pattern was observed during progressive re-establishment of the tissues. Immuno-localization showed that most of the IAA was located in the RB tissue layers undergoing cell division, dedifferentiation and (re)differentiation, such as xylary rays, immature xylem, phellogen and cambial regions. This study also provides evidence that IAA and ABA are involved in the bark reconstitution.
TL;DR: The bark contents analyzed in this study do not explain the tree bark preferences of sika deer and showed no significant relationships with Ivlev’s selection index except for Ca, which had a negative relationship.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors assessed the heat of combustion and physical properties that determine combustion of phytofuels, such as ash content, specific gravity and moisture content Bark and wood samples of 45 multipurpose tree species in the homegardens of Kerala, India and three fuel materials of local importance (coconut [Cocos nucifera] endocarp, dried coconut spathe and dehiscent rubber [Hevea braziliensis] pericarp) were evaluated.
Abstract: Indiscriminate use of natural resources in the past has lead to fuelwood shortages in many parts of the tropical world To surmount this domestic energy crisis, not only degraded sites must be planted with trees having high fuel value potential, but also agroforestry promoted on arable lands To enable choice of species for such energy plantations/agroforests in the humid tropics of peninsular India, we assessed the heat of combustion and physical properties that determine combustion of phytofuels, such as ash content, specific gravity and moisture content Bark and wood samples of 45 multipurpose tree species in the homegardens of Kerala, India and three fuel materials of local importance (coconut [Cocos nucifera] endocarp, dried coconut spathe and dehiscent rubber [Hevea braziliensis] pericarp) were evaluated Variations abound in the calorific values and physical properties of species and tissue-types In general, heat of combustion and specific gravity followed the sequence: heartwood > sapwood > bark, while mean ash percentage followed a reverse order (bark > sapwood > heartwood) Ash content had a negative correlation with heat of combustion, but specific gravity exerted a positive influence Furthermore, ash content and wood specific gravity were inversely related Although green moisture content increased in the order: bark < heartwood < sapwood, it failed to show any predictable relationship with heat of combustion
TL;DR: The extracts of two Bangladeshi medicinal plants, Toona ciliata and Amoora rohituka, along with siderin, a major coumarin from T. cilata, exhibited significant in vitro antibacterial activity and mild antifungal effect.
TL;DR: It appears that Cd and Pb applied to bark can enter woody tissue, but that this route of uptake is likely to be a minor contributor to the metal burden in wood.
TL;DR: The management of forest stands on acid soils requires information on nutrient exports under various harvesting scenarios and the harvest of crowns and stems was shown to increase nutrient exports from 85% (Ca) to 281% (Mg) in comparison with a stem only scenario.
Abstract: The management of forest stands on acid soils requires information on nutrient exports under various harvesting scenarios. Twenty one oaks (Quercus petraea (Mattuschka) Liebl.) and eighteen hornbeams (Carpinus betulus L.) were destructively sampled from a coppice-with-standards stand located on a dystrochrept soil in the Belgian Atlantic Fagne. Regression equations were developed (i) to quantify the partitioning of aboveground biomass and nutrient (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S) content between the two component species at the stand level, (ii) to estimate the biomass and nutrient content distribution (stemwood, stembark, branchwood/branchbark from various diameter classes) within the two species as a function of breast height diameter, and (iii) to assess the pattern of nutrient concentrations within and between oak stems. For branches ( dead and alive) and stems, weighted mean concentrations (wood + bark) tended to be higher in hornbeams for all elements except Ca in stems and K in all components. For both species, nutrient concentrations in live branches decreased with increasing branch diameter (0-1 cm up to > 21 cm), except for Ca in oaks. For oaks stems and large branches, a steep increase in Ca concentrations was noted in bark tissues compared to wood. At the stand level, 81% of total biomass and from 67% (Mg) to 87% (Ca) of total nutrient contents were associated with oak trees. Aboveground nutrient contents represented from 30% (Mg) to 270% (Ca) of the 0-40 cm exchangeable soil pools. Assuming the felling of all oak trees, the harvest of crowns and stems was shown to increase nutrient exports from 85% (Ca) to 281% (Mg) in comparison with a stem only scenario.
TL;DR: Three new 5(6-->7)abeoabietane diterpenes with the uncommon skeleton of fused 6-5-6 rings were isolated from the bark of Taiwania cryptomerioides, and two known compounds, taiwaniaquinones A and D, were also obtained.
Abstract: Three new 5(6→7)abeoabietane diterpenes with the uncommon skeleton of fused 6–5–6 rings were isolated from the bark of Taiwania cryptomerioides designated as taiwaniaquinone F (8), taiwaniaquinol C (9) and taiwaniaquinol D (10). Meanwhile, two known compounds, taiwaniaquinones A (1) and D (4), were also obtained. Their structures were determined principally from spectral evidence.
TL;DR: The activity of EI, RD and SE was found to be far superior to the standard ketoconozole (20 mg disc) and griseofulvin (25 mg disc), both in broadness and level of activity.
Abstract: From the root bark of Eupomatia laurina were isolated four anti-microbial alkaloids; sampangine (I), eupomatine-1 (II), liriodenine and lanuginosine. The isolated alkaloids, the fraction from which...
TL;DR: Results suggested that myxomycete community composition among selected tree species were similar, but occurrence and abundance of certain species were related to differences in bark pH, and community similarity values among trees of different species show that trees with the most similar myxoniccete communities also have the mostSimilar bark pH.
Abstract: Corticolous myxomycetes of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park were studied in relation to their association with certain tree species and height of occurrence in the forest canopy. Using the double-rope climbing method, bark was collected at 3 m increments to the tops of trees of five different species. Bark samples from 25 trees were used to prepare 418 moist chamber cultures maintained and observed 4 wk. Eighty-four myxomycete species were identified, including 30 species not known to occur in the park. Tree species, pH, height in tree and water-holding capacity of the bark samples were analyzed to determine the relationships of myxomycete assemblages cultured on the bark. Results suggested that myxomycete community composition among selected tree species were similar, but occurrence and abundance of certain species were related to differences in bark pH. Community similarity values among trees of different species show that trees with the most similar myxomycete communities also have the most simi...
TL;DR: The data support that the bark nuggets are possibly acting as slow release carriers for the herbicides or reducing the leaching potential of the herbicide, and that the controlled release of herbicides using lignin as the matrix offers a promising alternative technology for weed control.
Abstract: ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS. container production, nursery, herbicides, nonchemical alternatives SUMMARY. Nursery growers estimate that they spend $500 to $4000/acre ($1235 to $9880/ ha) of containers for manual removal of weeds, depending upon weed species being removed. Economic losses due to weed infestations have been estimated at about $7000/acre ($17,290/ ha). Herbicide treated bark nuggets were found extremely effective for weed control in studies during 1998, regardless of whether oxyfluorfen, oryzalin, or isoxaben were applied to the bark. A study conducted in 2000 compared 24 treatments of novel nonchemical alternatives, conventional chemical practices and herbicide treated barks. Four of the best treatments were herbicide treated douglas fir bark, specifically, small [ 1 inch length) douglas fir nuggets treated with oryzalin at the 0.5× rate, small douglas fir nuggets treated with oryzalin at the 0.5× rate and large douglas fir nuggets treated with flumioxazin at the 1× rate. The four bark treatments indicated above provided equivalent efficacy and phytotoxicity to Geodiscs. Penn Mulch and Wulpack provided poor weed control. Mori Weed Bag, a black polyethylene sleeve, and Enviro LIDs, a plastic lid provided less control than herbicide treated bark. Compared to the bark alone, herbicide treated bark provides a 1.8-fold increase in efficacy and a 2.8-fold extension in duration of efficacy. Compared to the herbicide alone, herbicide treated bark provides a 1.5fold increase in efficacy and a 2.2-fold reduction in phytotoxicity. Of the innovative weed control products tested herbicide treated bark provided the most promising results. The data support that the bark nuggets are possibly acting as slow release carriers for the herbicides or reducing the leaching potential of the herbicides. Recent studies have indicated that the controlled release of herbicides using lignin as the matrix offers a promising alternative technology for weed control.
TL;DR: Two new phenylpropanoid glycosides were isolated from the stem bark of Canthopanax trifoliatus along with four known compounds, established on the basis of spectral and chemical evidences.
Abstract: Two new phenylpropanoid glycosides, 1-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-2,6-dimethoxy-4-propenylphenol (1) and 1-[beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->6)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl]-2,6-dimethoxy-4-propenylphenol (2) were isolated from the stem bark of Acanthopanax trifoliatus along with four known compounds (3-6). Their structures were established on the basis of spectral and chemical evidences.
TL;DR: The first report on long-term dynamics of the volatile composition of bark beetle infested P. abies is reported, and certain oxygenated monoterpenes and benzenoid compounds increased as susceptible bark beetle larvae developed, which could be candidates for improving parasitoid baits.
Abstract: Several hymenopteran parasitoids prey on mature bark beetle larvae
(Scolytidae), concealed under the bark of conifers. According to
previous results, certain oxygenated monoterpenes are crucial in host
location. However, synthetic baits tested in laboratory bioassays are
not quite as attractive to the parasitoids as the natural volatile
bouquet from conifers containing susceptible bark beetle larvae. The aim
of the current study was to identify the "missing components" in
previously tested synthetic baits. Volatiles were sampled throughout
bark beetle attacks (Ips typographus) on Norway spruce logs (Picea
abies), and analyzed (qualitatively and quantitatively) by coupled gas
chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In addition, a pilot test was
done employing the relatively new technique, fast GC-surface acoustic
wave detector (SAW), zNoseTM, described in the methods. Quantitative
differences in volatile composition were found between infested and
uninfested logs, and between different stages of the bark beetle attack.
In addition, the volatile composition of logs with or without mature
bark beetle larvae (susceptible to parasitism) was compared, isolating
odor differences at this most suitable host stage. In general, the
quantity of monoterpenes (the predominant phytochemical volatiles in
conifers) was found to decrease with time after initial infestation. In
contrast, certain oxygenated monoterpenes and benzenoid compounds
increased as susceptible bark beetle larvae developed, which therefore
could be candidates for improving parasitoid baits. To the best of our
knowledge, this is the first report on long-term dynamics of the
volatile composition of bark beetle infested P. abies. The results
should be interpreted in the light of previous electrophysiological and
behavioral investigations of larval parasitoids, and present a number of
compounds that could improve synthetic parasitoid baits.
TL;DR: The chemical and anatomical host responses to natural fungal infection by Cytonaema sp.
Abstract: The chemical and anatomical host responses to natural fungal infection by Cytonaema sp. in the aerial bark of 3-year-old Eucalyptus globulus plantation trees were examined. The lesion margin (LM) of the canker-infected bark was characterized by the formation of a layer of dark extractives visible to the naked eye. Chemical analysis of the LM by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet detection and HPLC-MS using negative ion electrospray ionisation indicated the presence of a range of compounds including hydrolysable tannins, polymeric proanthocyanidins, flavonoid glycosides, formlyated phloroglucinol compounds and volatile terpenes. These compounds were either undetectable in healthy tissue or present at significantly lower concentrations than in the LM. The LM of the canker-infected bark was morphologically distinct from healthy phloem, its characteristics varying depending on severity of canker infection. In superficial infections in which only the phloem was affected, the following LMs were observed: (i) a continuous wound periderm of multiple layers, or (ii) an incompletely
differentiated and discontinuous wound periderm. In cases of severe canker infections in which the vascular cambium had been killed, the new phloem formed subsequently contained traumatic oil glands in addition to the responses observed for superficial canker infections. All LMs were characterized by the formation of new parenchyma cells that stained positive for the presence of polyphenols. The significance of the chemical and structural responses as defence mechanisms against
fungi causing stem canker is discussed.
TL;DR: In this paper, the properties of resins prepared from liquefied bark and the feasibility of liquid-bark-based resol resins in particle board manufacturing were investigated.
Abstract: Barks of Taiwan acacia (Acacia confusa) and China fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) were liquefied in the presence of phenol with sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) as catalyst. The properties of resins prepared from liquefied bark and the feasibility of liquefied bark-based resol resins in particle board manufacturing were investigated. The viscosity and thermosetting property of liquefied bark-based resol resins were affected by the kind of bark species and the catalyst used. Liquefied bark-based resol resins using China fir bark as raw material had higher viscosity than the ones using Taiwan acacia bark. In the course of thermosetting, liquefied bark-based resol resins using Taiwan acacia bark as raw material had a higher maximum temperature of exothermic peak and onset temperature as well as a larger quantity of exothermic heat than those using China fir bark. Resol resins prepared from bark liquefied with H2SO4 as catalyst had higher viscosity, while resins with HCl as catalyst had a higher maximum temperature and height of exothermic peak and a larger quantity of exothermic heat at thermosetting. Particle board made with A-S adhesive that was prepared from liquefied Taiwan acacia bark with H2SO4 as catalyst had the best particle board properties than those made with other adhesives. For the particle board made with A-S adhesive, its static bending strength and internal bonding strength would be increased as the hot-pressing time extended. The particle board made with hot-pressing temperature of 150°C and hot-pressing time of 10 min had the maximum normal and wet static bending strength and internal bonding strength. Its normal static bending strength was 170.8 kgf/cm2 and the particle board showed satisfactory wet static bending strength and internal bonding strength. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 87: 1837–1841, 2003
TL;DR: Eight new tropane alkaloids were isolated from the bark of "catuaba", a Brazilian endemic plant Erythroxylum vacciniifolium Martius by high-resolution mass spectrometry and multidimensional NMR spectroscopy.
Abstract: Eight new tropane alkaloids (1-8) were isolated from the bark of "catuaba", a Brazilian endemic plant Erythroxylum vacciniifolium Martius. Their structures were determined by high-resolution mass spectrometry and multidimensional NMR spectroscopy.
01 Jan 2003
TL;DR: The unmitigated pest risk potential for the importation of unprocessed logs and chips of 18 species of eucalypts from Australia into the United States was assessed by estimating the likelihood and consequences of introduction of representative insects and pathogens of concern.
Abstract: The unmitigated pest risk potential for the importation of unprocessed logs and chips of 18 species of eucalypts (Eucalyptus amygdalina, E. cloeziana, E. delegatensis, E. diversicolor, E. dunnii, E. globulus, E. grandis, E. nitens, E. obliqua, E. ovata, E. pilularis, E. regnans, E. saligna, E. sieberi, E. viminalis, Corymbia calophylla, C. citriodora, and C. maculata) from Australia into the United States was assessed by estimating the likelihood and consequences of introduction of representative insects and pathogens of concern. Twenty-two individual pest risk assessments were prepared, fifteen dealing with insects and seven with pathogens. The selected organisms were representative examples of insects and pathogens found on foliage, on the bark, in the bark, and in the wood of eucalypts. Among the insects and pathogens assessed for logs as the commodity, high risk potentials were assigned to the following 14 organisms or groups of organisms.
TL;DR: A new isoflavone, griffonianone D (1), and the previously known compounds durmillone and odorantin were isolated from a chloroform extract of the root bark of Millettia griffoniana and compound 1 showed anti-inflammatory effects in different experimental models of inflammation.
Abstract: A new isoflavone, griffonianone D (1), and the previously known compounds durmillone and odorantin were isolated from a chloroform extract of the root bark of Millettia griffoniana. The structure of 1 was established as (7E)-(6",7"-dihydroxy-3",7"-dimethyloct-2"-enyl)oxy-4'-methoxyisoflavone on the basis of its spectral data. The chloroform extract of the root bark of M. griffoniana and compound 1 showed anti-inflammatory effects in different experimental models of inflammation.
TL;DR: The fungus Penicillium sp was isolated from the root bark of Melia azedarach after surface sterilisation and cultivated for three weeks on sterilised rice, identifying a new meroterpene, named austinoneol, and the known meroterpenes 7-b-acetoxy-dehydroaustin, neoaustin and dehydroaUSTin.
Abstract: The fungus Penicillium sp was isolated from the root bark of Melia azedarach after surface sterilisation and cultivated for three weeks on sterilised rice. A new meroterpene, named austinoneol, and the known meroterpenes 7-b-acetoxy-dehydroaustin, neoaustin and dehydroaustin were isolated from the methanol extract of this rice culture. Their structures were identified after extensive spectroscopic studies, which also helped on the revision of 1H and 13C chemical shift assignment for some of the known meroterpenes.