Showing papers on "Body water published in 1999"
TL;DR: This review examines both in vitro and in vivo data that support the hydration constancy hypothesis and provides a critique of applied methodology.
374 citations
TL;DR: Biological variability and methodologic error contribute equally to the variability of FFM composition, which has major implications for bedside prediction methods used for children, traditionally developed in relation to underwater weighing.
364 citations
235 citations
TL;DR: The present study, the first to advance a physiological hydration model, provides a conceptual framework for the TBW-fat estimation method and identifies important areas that remain to be studied.
Abstract: Water is an essential component of living organisms, and in adult mammals the fraction of fat-free body mass (FFM) as water is remarkably stable at ∼0.73. The stability of FFM hydration is a corner...
180 citations
TL;DR: The urea clearance x time is a valid outcome-based measure of dialysis dose and is not confounded by indexing it to an estimate of body size, which has outcome-associated properties of its own.
156 citations
TL;DR: When plasma 17beta-estradiol concentration was high, P(osm) was low throughout rest, exercise, and rehydration, but plasma arginine vasopressin concentration, thirst, and body fluid retention were unchanged, indicating a lowering of the osmotic operating point for body fluid regulation.
Abstract: To test the hypothesis that estrogen reduces the operating point for osmoregulation of arginine vasopressin (AVP), thirst, and body water balance, we studied nine women (25 ± 1 yr) during 150 min o...
137 citations
TL;DR: Body fat measurements using ADP were highly correlated with those using HW, BIA, and DXA across a relatively wide range of body fat levels in healthy adults, and these results support the utility of ADP as a relatively new technique in the estimation of percent body fat inhealthy adults.
Abstract: BACKGROUND This study compared air displacement plethysmography (ADP), which relies on measurements of body density to estimate body fat, with three other techniques that measure body composition: (1) hydrostatic weighing (HW), which also measures body density; (2) bioelectrical impedance (BIA), which determines electrical resistance and total body water to estimate fat-free mass; and (3) dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), which measures bone, fat, and fat-free soft tissue masses. METHODS ADP, HW, BIA, and DXA were performed on 20 healthy volunteers (10 males and 10 females). The subjects were within 20% of ideal body weight, 31.1 +/- 1.8 years of age, and 75.4 +/- 2.7 kg with body mass index values of 25.2 +/- 0.9 (kg/m2) and percent body fat by ADP ranging from 6.0% to 41.0%. RESULTS Percent body fat measurements by the four methods were highly correlated (r > .90, p < .0001). Mean body fat as determined by ADP, HW, BIA, and DXA were 23.4% +/- 2.3%, 23.9% +/-1.8%, 23.1% +/- 1.9%, and 26.4% +/- 2.4%, respectively (* p < .05 vs ADP). There was a significantly positive slope (+0.23) for the individual differences vs the average of ADP and HW percent body fat, demonstrating a slightly negative difference at lower body fat levels and a slightly positive difference at greater body fat levels. Although the average percent body fat determined by ADP was similar to that by HW for the entire population, there was a significant gender difference with the average body fat measured by ADP being 16% less in males and 7% greater in females than that determined by HW. CONCLUSIONS Body fat measurements using ADP were highly correlated with those using HW, BIA, and DXA across a relatively wide range of body fat levels in healthy adults. These results support the utility of ADP as a relatively new technique in the estimation of percent body fat in healthy adults. However, the error associated with gender and the level of body fat is not negligible and requires further investigation.
120 citations
TL;DR: GLN-antioxidant nutrient supplementation can increase body weight, body cell mass, and intracellular water when compared with placebo supplementation and provides a highly cost-effective therapy for the rehabilitation of HIV+ patients with weight loss.
111 citations
TL;DR: MFA seems to be suitable for measurement of TBW in RTx patients; however, method agreement between isotope dilution and MF-BIA for the measurement of ECW is not satisfactory and in the assessment of fat and fat free mass, the reliability of MF- BIA appears to be questionable.
Abstract: Whether multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis (MF-BIA), a relatively new method for measuring body composition, is also applicable for accurate body composition measurements in renal transplant (RTx) patients is not known. Therefore, the use of MF-BIA is validated in 77 RTx patients with a stable renal function at least 2 yr posttransplantation. MF-BIA is compared to isotope dilution techniques for measurement of body water compartments, and to dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) and anthropometry for measurement of fat and fat free mass. Finally, DEXA and anthropometry are compared to each other. Method agreement is assessed by intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and plotted by Bland and Altman analysis. MF-BIA significantly underestimates total body water (TBW, 0.7+/-2.1 L) and overestimates the extracellular water (ECW, 3.3+/-1.8 L) compared to isotope dilution; the ICC between both techniques is 0.943 for TBW and 0.846 for ECW. The percentage body fat (BF) measured by MF-BIA is significantly higher than both BF measured by DEXA (3.4+/-4.7%) or by anthropometry (5.5+/-5.2%). The ICC between MF-BIA and DEXA is 0.887 and between MF-BIA and anthropometry 0.856. BF measured by DEXA is significantly higher than BF measured by anthropometry (2.1+/-4.4%); their ICC is 0.913. In conclusion, MF-BIA seems to be suitable for measurement of TBW in RTx patients; however, method agreement between isotope dilution and MF-BIA for the measurement of ECW is not satisfactory. In the assessment of fat and fat free mass, the reliability of MF-BIA appears to be questionable. Method agreement between DEXA and anthropometry seems to be slightly better.
100 citations
TL;DR: The results suggest that adult kittiwakes compromise their body condition and body composition during chick rearing to increase the likelihood of successfully fledging young, even though such adjustments may decrease their own post-reproductive survival probabilities.
Abstract: We conducted a manipulative experiment to investigate how raising chicks affects the body condition (body mass scaled by body size) and body composition (percent fat vs. lean mass) of black-legged kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla). For 4 consecutive years (1991–1994) we removed eggs from randomly selected nests and then compared adults raising chicks with adults that had their eggs removed. At the end of the chick-rearing period, adults raising chicks were significantly lighter for their size than adults that had their eggs removed. Adults raising chicks also had a significantly lower percent body fat (by 28%) than adults from manipulated nests. The difference in percent body fat between the two groups was apparent at all levels of condition, suggesting that adults that are raising chicks apportion their reserves differently than adults that are working only to meet their own metabolic needs. End-of-season body condition of adults from manipulated and unmanipulated nests varied significantly among 5 years of study, and appeared to reflect differences in local foraging conditions. In all years, females were in worse condition than males at the end of the breeding season. This sex-specific condition difference did not, however, appear to indicate a greater short-term reproductive cost among females. Females were lighter for their size than males in both the manipulated and unmanipulated groups. Our results suggest that adult kittiwakes compromise their body condition and body composition during chick rearing to increase the likelihood of successfully fledging young, even though such adjustments may decrease their own post-reproductive survival probabilities. Prior to estimating the body composition of the experimental birds, we evaluated the usefulness of several noninvasive techniques for predicting fat mass in kittiwakes. We used cross-validation techniques to compare multiple regression models that included total body electrical conductivity (TOBEC), total body water (TBW), and morphometric measurements as independent variables. The most parsimonious model for predicting fat mass was based on TOBEC and mass measurements. TBW and morphometrics were of little utility in predicting fat mass in kittiwakes. Previous studies that have evaluated the usefulness of TOBEC as a predictor of fat mass have shown mixed results. We suggest that the size of the experimental subject relative to the size of the TOBEC measurement chamber may affect the accuracy of this technique.
95 citations
TL;DR: No change in body mass was observed in the control- and placebo-groups during the entire experiment period while the body mass of the creatine-group was increased by 2 kg, which cannot be attributed to water retention, but probably to dry matter growth accompanied with a normal water volume.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to test the effect of creatine supplement on the size of the extra- and intracellular compartments and on the increase of isokinetic force during a strength training-program. Twenty-five healthy male subjects (age 22.0+/-2.9 years) participated in this experiment. Seven subjects formed the control-group. They did not complete any training and did not have any dietary supplement. The eighteen other subjects were randomly divided into a creatine- (n = 8) and a placebo-group (n = 10). They were submitted to a controlled strength-training program for 42 days followed by a detraining period of 21 days. Creatine and placebo were given over a period of 9 weeks. The size of the body water compartments was assessed by bioimpedance spectroscopy and the isokinetic force was determined during a single squat by means of an isokinetic dynamometer. These measurements were completed beforehand, at the end of the training period, and after the determining period. Both placebo- and creatine-group increased the isokinetic force by about 6% after the training period, showing that creatine ingestion does not induce a higher increase of the force measured during a single movement. No change in body mass was observed in the control- and placebo-groups during the entire experiment period while the body mass of the creatine-group was increased by 2 kg (P < 0.001). This change can be attributed partially to an increase (P = 0.039) in the body water content (+1.11), and more specifically, to an increase (P < 0.001) in the volume of the inter-cellular compartment (+0.61). Nevertheless, the relative volumes of the body water compartments remained constant and therefore the gain in body mass cannot be attributed to water retention, but probably to dry matter growth accompanied with a normal water volume.
TL;DR: It is concluded that weight gain observed during adjuvant chemotherapy for breast carcinoma is primarily due to an increase in fat and TBW.
Abstract: Weight gain is a reported problem associated with adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer and often generates psychosocial stress in women [1]. It also may affect prognosis and survival. Changes in body composition and weight during chemotherapy, particularly adjuvant treatment of breast carcinoma, have been previously reported [1-3]. Multiple reasons for this weight gain have been suggested though few theories have been scientifically validated [4]. The aim of this study was to investigate body composition and its relationship to weight change associated with the CMF-based breast cancer chemotherapy protocols. Total body nitrogen (TBN), body fat, total body water (TBW), and anthropometric measurements were conducted on 25 female out-patients (median age 47, range 26-70 years) receiving adjuvant CMF-based chemotherapy for breast cancer. Total body nitrogen was measured using the In Vivo Neutron Capture Analysis (IVNCA) technique (on day 1 of cycles 2-6) and TBP was calculated by multiplying TBN by 6.25 [5]. Nitrogen Index (NI) was calculated by expressing TBN as a percentage of normal. There was a significant increase in mean body weight during chemotherapy of 2.35 kg (p < 0.0001). Serial measurements showed no significant change in mean TBN, NI, or percentage body fat. Break down of body weight showed a significant increase in mean TBW of 0.79 kg (p = 0.003) and mean fat mass of 1.49 kg (p = 0.008). We conclude that weight gain observed during adjuvant chemotherapy for breast carcinoma is primarily due to an increase in fat and TBW.
TL;DR: Both DXA and MR spectroscopy give accurate and precise estimates of Neonatal body composition and may become valuable tools for the noninvasive assessment of neonatal growth and nutritional status.
Abstract: An animal study to evaluate dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and spectroscopy for measurement of neonatal body composition was performed. Twenty-three piglets with body weights ranging from 848 to 7550 g were used. After measuring total body water, animals were killed and body composition was assessed using DXA and MR (1.5 T; MR imaging, T1-weighted sagittal spin-echo sequence; MR spectroscopy, three-dimensional chemical shift imaging) as well as chemical carcass analysis (standard methods) after homogenization. Body composition by chemical analysis (percent of body weight, mean ± SD) was as follows: body water, 75.3 ± 3.9%; total protein, 13.9 ± 8.8%; and total fat, 6.5 ± 3.7%. Absolute content of fat and total ash was 7–674 and 35–237 g, respectively. Mean hydration of fat-free mass was 0.804 ± 0.011 g/kg and decreased with increasing body weight (r2 = 0.419) independent of age. Using DXA, bone mineral content was highly correlated with calcium content (r2= 0.992), and calcium per bone mineral content was 44.1 ± 4.2%. DXA fat mass correlated with total fat (r2 = 0.961). Using MR, spectroscopy and chemical analysis were highly correlated with fat-to-water ratio (r2 = 0.984) and absolute fat content (r2 = 0.988). Total fat by MR imaging volumetry showed a lower correlation (r2 = 0.913) and overestimated total fat by a factor of 2.46. Conversion equations for DXA were developed (total fat = 1.31 × fat mass measured by DXA − 68.8; calcium = 0.402 × bone mineral content + 1.7), which improved precision and accuracy of DXA measurements. In conclusion, both DXA and MR spectroscopy give accurate and precise estimates of neonatal body composition and may become valuable tools for the noninvasive assessment of neonatal growth and nutritional status.
TL;DR: Whole-body BIA data suggest an increase in appendicular body cell mass associated with improved antiretroviral treatment, however, the method is unreliable in detecting fat redistribution, and current prediction equations will need to be recalibrated for HIV-infected patients receiving highly active antiretaker treatment.
TL;DR: Electrolyte supplementation is generally not necessary because dietary intake is adequate to offset electrolytes lost in sweat and urine; however, during initial days of hot-weather training or when meals are not calorically adequate, supplemental salt intake may be indicated to sustain sodium balance.
TL;DR: In well-nourished women delivering at term, maternal body fat near term does not contribute significantly to infant birth weight, but maternal body water does.
TL;DR: In most work or exercise lasting < 3-4 hr, the major concern is that fluid be available to prevent heat-related illnesses, which can be prevented if fluid and electrolyte losses are balanced with intake, using the recommendations presented.
Abstract: Body water and electrolyte balance are essential to optimal physiological function and health. During exercise, work, or high temperatures, a significant level of dehydration can develop, and the ratio of extracellular to intracellular fluid can change, despite an ample supply of water. Physical and cognitive performance are impaired at 1-2% dehydration, and the body can collapse when water loss approaches 7%. Because fluid needs and intakes vary, formulating one general guideline for fluid replacement is difficult. Knowing the amount of water lost in sweat may enable predicting fluid needs via mathematical models for industrial, athletic, and military scenarios. Sodium imbalance might result from excessive Na+ loss or from gross overhydration. In most work or exercise lasting < 3-4 hr, the major concern is that fluid be available to prevent heat-related illnesses, which can be prevented if fluid and electrolyte losses are balanced with intake, using the recommendations presented.
TL;DR: Overall, BIA is a promising nutritional assessment tool to monitor health status, long-term follow-up, tailor nutrition support, and detect early subtle losses of LBM in chronic dialysis patients.
Abstract: Identification of malnutrition is imperative in chronic dialysis patients. Bioelectrical impedance (BIA) is a noninvasive method to measure body composition and estimate total body water (TBW), lean body mass (LBM) and body cell mass (BCM). Studies suggest BIA has good reliability as compared to other accepted methods of body composition analysis. Preliminary data also suggest that BIA-derived parameters (reactance and phase angle) predict clinical outcome in chronic hemodialysis patients. Overall, BIA is a promising nutritional assessment tool to monitor health status, long-term follow-up, tailor nutrition support, and detect early subtle losses of LBM in chronic dialysis patients.
TL;DR: Findings indicate that BIS is sufficiently sensitive to detect moderate hypohydration; however, the resolution of this technique diminished with isotonic fluid loss.
Abstract: O’BRIEN, C., C. J. BAKER-FULCO, A. J. YOUNG, and M. N. SAWKA. Bioimpedance assessment of hypohydration. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 31, No. 10, pp. 1466–1471, 1999.Purpose:This study examined the utility of bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) for assessing total body water (TBW) changes associated wit
TL;DR: Findings have important implications for the salt and water content of perioperative fluid and nutritional prescriptions and emphasize the dilutional component of hypoalbuminaemia in patients with oedema.
TL;DR: Methods using total body water, total body potassium, totalBody electrical conductivity, and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry to estimate body fat mass in infants and toddlers are not interchangeable and require further development and validation.
Abstract: Backgruund: Accuratc assessment of body composition in in rants ami chi Idren is fundamental to understanding normal growth and development. Validation of methods applicable to pediatric populations is needed. In the absence of a gold stan dard, thi, study was conducted 10 compare methods using total body water. total body potassium, total body electrical conduc tivity. ami dual energy x-ray absorptiometry measurements for thc estimation or body rat mass in infants and toddlers. Methods: Repeated body composition measurements were per formed on 7b healthy term infants at 0.5, 3. 6, 9, 12, 18. and 24 months of age. Total body water was determined by deuterium dililtion and convcrted to fat-free mass. Total body electrical conductivity was used 10 measure fat mass. Total body potas sillm was estimated by whole-body counting and converted to l'at-1'I'<:e mass. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry was used to estimate fat lIIass at 0.5. 12. and 24 months only. Data were analyzed by repeated measures analysis of variance. followed by Bonferroni multiple comparisons at Vft. Results: Significalll differences among methods were encoulI tered at eaeh age (p = 0.001-0.05). The rank order or the methods and the magnitude of the method dilTerenccs were a function of age, not of gender or infant feeding ll1ode. Wide limits of agreement imply that the methods arc not interchange able for group or individual measurements. Conclusions: Methods using total body water. total body po tassium, total body electrical condudivity, and dual-energy x ray absorptiometry to estimate body fat mass in illfanls and toddlers are not interchangeable and require further develop ment and validation. jPN 29:184-189, 1.999. Key Words: Body composition-Dual-energy x-ray absorptioll1etry-Fat free mass-Fat mass-Infants--Toddlers-Total hody wa ter--Total body potassium~-Total body elt-elrical C(llldUcli\
TL;DR: The results indicate that BIA measurements can be a valuable adjunct to the use of isotope dilution for estimating TBW in chemically immobilized grey seals; however, individual estimates may be associated with varying degrees of error.
Abstract: Estimates of total body water (TBW) play an important role in studies of body composition and energetics in mammals. We evaluated bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) as a means of rapidly and inexpensively estimating TBW in 38 grey seals (Halichoerus grypus). Twenty-two males and 16 females, representing the range of body sizes in the population, were studied at Sable Island, Nova Scotia. Seals were chemically immobilized with Telazol during BIA measurement. TBW was determined by dilution of tritiated water. The mean difference in duplicate BIA measurements did not differ significantly from zero. BIA-measured resistance accounted for 83% of the variation in TBW over a range of body masses from 38.5 to 294 kg. Bioelectrical conductor volume (length 2 /resistance) accounted for 97% of the variation in TBW. Average error in predicting TBW was +0.10% for a validation set of nine animals, but errors in predicting TBW of individual seals were up to 25%. Our results indicate that BIA measurements can be a valuable adjunct to the use of isotope dilution for estimating TBW in chemically immobilized grey seals; however, individual estimates may be associated with varying degrees of error.
TL;DR: In obese women, the density and composition of the FFM are unaltered and densitometry correctly assesses group mean changes in body composition with moderate weight loss induced by diet or diet and aerobic exercise.
Abstract: EVANS, E. M., M. J. SAUNDERS, M. A. SPANO, S. A. ARNGRIMSSON, R. D. LEWIS, and K. J. CURETON. Effects of diet and exercise on the density and composition of the fat-free mass in obese women. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 31, No. 12, pp. 1778–1787, 1999.
The purpose of this study was to determine whether the density (DFFM) and composition of the fat-free mass (FFM) and the accuracy of estimates of body composition from body density (%Fatd) are affected by diet and exercise.
Twenty-nine obese women (body mass index (BMI) = 25.0–43.7 kg·m−2 and %Fatd = 35.7–47.1%) were assigned to one of three groups: diet only (DO, N = 9); diet and aerobic exercise (DE, N = 9); or control (C, N = 11). Measures of body density by hydrostatic weighing, body water by deuterium dilution, and bone mineral by whole-body dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, and estimates of body composition from body density and from a four-component model were obtained before and after a 16-wk diet and exercise intervention.
Mean (± SD) changes in body mass were −7.2 ± 7.4, −3.9 ± 3.3, and +1.2 ± 2.8 kg for the DO, DE, and C, respectively. The density and composition of the FFM did not change significantly (P > 0.05) in any of the groups. Individual changes in DFFM (−0.011 to +0.011 g·mL−1), and differences between changes in %Fat estimated using a four-component model and %Fatd (−2.1 to +2.7% body mass) were not related to changes in body mass (r = −0.08). Individual changes in DFFM were most strongly related to changes in water fraction (r = −0.95) and protein fraction (r = +0.88), and were unrelated to changes in the mineral fraction (r = +0.04) of the FFM.
We conclude that in obese women, the density and composition of the FFM are unaltered and densitometry correctly assesses group mean changes in body composition with moderate weight loss induced by diet or diet and aerobic exercise. However, individual deviations in DFFM from the assumed value of 1.1 g·mL−1 are substantial, and a multi-component model in which body water is measured is needed to accurately assess individual body composition changes resulting from diet and exercise.
TL;DR: Moderate doses of megestrol acetate may be an effective therapeutic agent in reversing poor appetite, increasing dietary energy and protein intakes, and improving nutritional status in some patients receiving maintenance hemodialysis.
TL;DR: The increased ECW could derive from an increase in cellular permeability related to endothelial damage linked to the vasoconstriction present in the alcoholics and/or to a direct toxic effect of ethanol on cellular membranes.
Abstract: Background: At present few data are available on the total body water (TBW) content and in particular on the distribution of water in the intra- and extracellular compartments (ICW and ECW) of alcoholics. The aim of this study was to evaluate TBW, ICW, and ECW in chronic alcoholic patients. Methods: Thirty-six alcoholics meeting DSM-III-R criteria for diagnosis (20 men, 16 women; body mass index [BMI] 22.3 ± 2.57 kg/m 2 ) were enrolled. Fifty-four healthy social drinkers (31 men, 23 women; BMI 23.7 ± 1.68 kg/m 2 ) matched for age and height were used as controls. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure was measured for all cases. All patients were assessed using specific anthropometric measurements. The waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) was used as an indicator of body fat distribution. TBW was measured by isotopic dilution by giving 100 μCi of tritiated water. ICW and ECW were assessed by multifrequence bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA). Basal metabolic rate (BMR) was measured by indirect calorimetry. Results: Body weight was lower in the alcoholics than in the controls (61.9 ± 5.5 kg vs. 65.8 ± 5.2 kg;p < 0.01), essentially due to a reduction in fat mass. Significantly higher WHR values were found in both male (p < 0.001) and female (p < 0.001) alcoholics than in healthy subjects. A higher ECW/TBW ratio was found in the alcoholics compared with the controls, both as a whole (0.53 ± 0.04 vs. 0.41 ± 0.03; p < 0.0001) and separated by gender (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The increased ECW could derive from an increase in cellular permeability related to endothelial damage linked to the vasoconstriction present in the alcoholics and/or to a direct toxic effect of ethanol on cellular membranes. In addition, because the high ECW volumes correlated positively with WHR in the alcoholics, a potential association of these two factors in determining an increased risk of liver disease, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease may exist. Finally, the lower TBW characteristic of women may be one of the reasons for the observed greater rate of toxic effects of ethanol that occur in women.
TL;DR: Although single-frequency bioimpedance does give an indication of total body water and change in total bodyWater, it is neither precise nor accurate enough to be the sole guide to fluid therapy.
Abstract: Objective: To investigate the relationship between single-frequency bioimpedance at 50 kHz (both total body impedance and segmental impedance) and total body water, measured using tritiated water in the presence of the severe fluid retention seen in multiple organ failure. Design: Prospective, controlled study. Setting: General intensive care unit. Subjects: Twenty patients with multiple organ failure and 30 normal volunteers, of whom a subgroup of ten had total body water measured. Interventions: None. Measurements and Main Results: Total body water and total and segmental bioimpedance values at 50 kHz were measured using tritiated water and a Holtain body composition analyzer in 20 patients with multiple organ failure and in ten normal volunteers. An additional 20 normal volunteers also had segmental and total body impedance measured. There was no difference in the linear regression lines constructed for the patients and the volunteers, but the SEM in the patients (7.6 L) was four times that seen in the normal subjects (1.9 L). In a further seven patients, the impedance technique overestimated the change in total body water, deduced from acute changes in weight, by between 0% and 46% (median, 12%). In the patients, who were supine, the knee-ankle segment contributed significantly more to total body impedance than it did in the normal volunteers (42.5% VS. 34.4%; p <.001), who were upright and mobile immediately before the measurement. Conclusions: Although single-frequency bioimpedance does give an indication of total body water and change in total body water, it is neither precise nor accurate enough to be the sole guide to fluid therapy. The proportion of total impedance contributed by the knee-ankle segment, which contains relatively little water, was significantly greater in the patients than in the controls, probably reflecting better drainage of fluid from the lower limb in the supine position.
TL;DR: An altered body water distribution and body hydration was observed in female IBD patients, especially in female patients with recently diagnosed CD.
Abstract: Objective: To assess body hydration and the distribution of the body water compartments in defined populations of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) compared with those of matched healthy controls. Subjects: Fifty-two patients with IBD at time of diagnosis (20 patients with Crohn’s disease (CD-new) and 32 patients with ulcerative colitis (UC-new)), 40 patients with long-standing CD (CD-long) and 2 matched healthy control groups (na 52 and na 40) were recruited for the study. Methods: Total body water (TBW) and extracellular water (ECW) were measured by deuterium oxide and bromide dilution, respectively. Intracellular water (ICW) was calculated as TBW-ECW. In addition, hydration of fat-free mass (FFM) and the ECW:ICW ratio were calculated. FFM, body fat (BF) and % body fat (%BF) were assessed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Results: In female IBD patients, the ECW:ICW ratio was significantly (P< 0.05) higher than in controls (CDnew: 0.89a0.11 vs 0.79a0.08, P< 0.01; UC-new: 0.85a0.15 vs 0.77a0.10, P< 0.05; CD-long: 0.86a0.14 vs 0.80a0.10, P< 0.05). In these female patients, the ICW:FFM ratio was significantly (P< 0.05) lower than in controls. Fluid shifts were especially pronounced in female patients with recently diagnosed CD. In male patients with recently diagnosed UC and in those with long-standing CD, body weight, body mass index, BF and %BF were significantly (P< 0.05) lower than in controls. No differences in body hydration or body water distribution were observed between male patients and controls. Conclusions: An altered body water distribution and body hydration was observed in female IBD patients, especially in female patients with recently diagnosed CD. Sponsorship: This study was financially supported by a grant from Novartis Nutrition Ltd, Switzerland. Descriptors: inflammatory bowel disease; body composition; total body water; extracellular water; intracellular water; body hydration; body water distribution
TL;DR: A significant error may occur in the measurement of body composition from whole body BIA when performed to dialysis patients with measurement on the nondominant arm, postural changes, muscular contractions or cramps, arteriovenous fistula, central venous catheter, or vascular graft.
TL;DR: The fluid retaining capacity of GH should be regarded as a desirable physiological normalization of fluid homeostasis rather than an unpleasant side effect.
Abstract: A major side effect of growth hormone (GH) administration is fluid retention. Most data indicate that adult GH-deficient patients are dehydrated, i.e. they have low total body water, low extracellular water and low plasma volume. When GH substitution is initiated in these patients their body fluid compartments are restored to normal. The fluid retaining capacity of GH should therefore be regarded as a desirable physiological normalization of fluid homeostasis rather than an unpleasant side effect.
TL;DR: The results suggest, however, that this effect cannot be fully explained by the notion that older persons have a smaller body water volume, and evidence is offered to demonstrate that percent body fat is not a determinant of the blood alcohol level an individual will attain.
Abstract: A search of the alcohol research literature reveals that very little experimental work has been done to describe the effects of alcohol in older females. In the present study, the effects of age and body water volume on the resultant peak alcohol concentration were observed for females ranging in age from 21 to 81. The peak alcohol concentration was estimated by breath testing in three groups of female volunteer subjects: young (21 to 25 years old), middle-age (35 to 47 years old), and older (>60 years old) after ingestion of 30 g of alcohol. Bioelectrical impedance analysis and anthropometric equations were used to estimate total body water, percent body water, and percent body fat for each subject. Significantly higher blood alcohol concentrations were obtained in older females [mean blood alcohol concentration (+/-SD) = 0.0975+/-0.018], compared with younger females (0.0818+/-0.016 and 0.0811+/-0.012). The results suggest, however, that this effect cannot be fully explained by the notion that older persons have a smaller body water volume. Particular attention is paid to the difference between total body water in liters and body water expressed as a percentage of body weight. Evidence is offered to demonstrate that percent body fat is not a determinant of the blood alcohol level an individual will attain. The findings are discussed with particular reference to the lack of experimental work involving older females and alcohol.