Showing papers on "Burnout published in 1986"

Toward an understanding of the burnout phenomenon.

Abstract: Les auteurs decrivent les antecedents et les consequences du phenomene de «burnout» (Freudenberger, 1974) apparaissant dans certaines professions et constitue des trois composantes d'epuisement emotionnel de depersonnallisation et de sentiments d'echec personnel

Toward a Cognitive-Affective Model of Athletic Burnout

Abstract: Although athletic burnout is a frequent topic of discussion and speculation, little in the way of a conceptual model or empirical data currently exists. An attempt is made to incorporate what is known about the nature, causes, and consequences of burnout within a cognitive-affective model of stress and to note the parallel situational, cognitive, physiologic, and behavioral components of stress and burnout. Thibaut and Kelley's social exchange model is used to define the conditions under which withdrawal from a sport can be attributed to burnout. Empirical findings concerning the causes and consequences of burnout derived from nonathletic populations are incorporated within the athletic burnout model, and its implications for preventing and coping with burnout are discussed. A number of conceptual and methodological issues are discussed, including operationalizing and measuring athletic burnout, the need for epidemiological research, and the assessment of causal and moderator variables. Based upon the lit...

The Effect of Social Support and the Work Environment upon Burnout among Nurses

Abstract: Burnout among hospital-based nurses appears to be a serious problem affecting the delivery of health care. Findings from previous empirical research indicate that burnout among these nurses results from reactions to adversities inherent in the hospital work environment, and that burnout can lead nurses to change jobs and/or abandon the practice of nursing. This paper presents and discusses research findings on the effects of various aspects of the hospital work environment on burnout among nurses, and, in addition, evaluates the effects of social support in reducing and/or mitigating the relationship between negative aspects of the work environment and burnout. A multiple regression approach is employed to test the hypothesized model. The data were collected from a sample of nurses (n = 310) employed at Fitzsimons Army Medical Center (FAMC), Aurora, Colorado. The major determinants of burnout were found to be low job enhancement (autonomy, task orientation, clarity, innovation, and physical comfort); work pressure; and lack of supervisor support, along with the interaction term involving the combined effects of job enhancement and supervisor support. These predictors, in conjunction with demographic and job-related variables explained 53% of the variance in emotional exhaustion, a central component of the burnout syndrome.

Educator burnout: Sources and consequences.

Abstract: Several research studies have examined the problem of educator burnout. None, however, have attempted to develop and test a comprehensive model of both the sources and consequences of burnout. This study offers a model and tests it with a population of 339 randomly sel ected elementary and secondary teachers. Sources of burnout were found to include a combination of the individual's unmet expectations and jobconditions of low participation in decision making, high levels of roleconflict, a lack of freedom and autonomy, absence of social support networks, and, inconsistent reward and punishment structures. Burnout consequences included intention to leave teaching, absenteeism, lessened effort, and lower quality of personal life.

Validity of the Maslach burnout inventory for family practice physicians

Abstract: This study assesses the utility of Maslach's concept of burnout for family practice physicians. Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) subscale correlations for the 67 residents in this sample are compared with Maslach's normative sample. The residents scored in the moderate to high range on the MBI subscales. MBI interscale correlations were similar to the pattern reported by Maslach. Significant correlations between job satisfaction and five of the six MBI subscales suggest that the construct of burnout has considerable psychological import for these physicians. The validity of the emotional exhaustion subscale is demonstrated by significant correlations with self-assessed burnout, job satisfaction, and faculty assessments of resident burnout. Independent observers were most sensitive to residents' emotional exhaustion and less likely to assess accurately the less visible aspects of burnout related to depersonalization and lack of achievement, which suggests the usefulness of multiple measures for assessing the burnout phenomenon.

Occupational stress, social support, and burnout among correctional officers.

Abstract: Three alternative models of the role of workplace social support in ameliorating the effect of occupational stress on burnout symptoms were tested. Correctional officers (N = 166) completed a variety of questionnaire measures of job stress, the Inventory of Socially Supportive Behaviors, and the Maslach Burnout Inventory. Analyses showed no support for either the direct or buffering models of social support. Rather, the data were consistent with the indirect model of social support in the workplace. Among the job stress indices, role ambiguity, work load, and direct contact with inmates were found to be independent predictors of burnout symptomatology. The findings suggest a preventive rather than remedial effect of workplace social support in reducing occupational stress and burnout.

Correlates of Psychological Burnout Phases among Police Officers

Abstract: This investigation examined the usefulness of a phase model of burnout. Eight hundred and twenty-eight men and women in police work provided data using a questionnaire completed anonymously. Eight progressive phases of burnout were created using high and low divisions on the three subscales of the Maslach Burnout Inventory. Measures of work setting, experienced stress, and emotional and physical well-being were significantly related to progressive phases of burnout. Work and personal experience grew worse as burnout progressed through more advanced phases. Comparisons with other data revealed potential occupational and organizational differences in numbers of respondents in various phases of burnout.

Burnout, Job Stress and Job Satisfaction Among Southern Correctional Officers: Perceptions and Causal Factors.

Abstract: Perceptions and causes of burnout, job stress and job satisfaction among a representative sample (N = 241) of Alabama correctional officers responding to a survey instrument were subject to analysis. After examining reported levels of burnout, stress and job satisfaction, findings were then compared to those from other studies. Multiple regression procedures were then utilized to identify significant predictors. Results indicated that a number of potentially alterable, organizational factors had a significant impact on officer perceptions; accordingly, several intervention strategies are offered for consideration.

Sex and Culture in Burnout and Coping among Human Service Professionals A Social Psychological Perspective

Abstract: In this study, burnout and coping were investigated among 503 human service professionals in the United States and Israel. A standardized self-report measure was used to determine burnout levels. The frequencies of use of 12 different coping strategies were assessed via a self-report questionnaire, differentiating coping efforts along two dimensions (active/inactive; direct/ indirect). A two-way analysis of variance yielded significant main effects for culture and for sex, but no significant interaction. It was found that Americans reported feeling more burned out than Israelis, and women reported feeling more burned out than men. As for coping, women reported using indirect and inactive coping strategies more than men, and Americans reported using them more than Israelis. The pattern of correlation between coping and burnout suggested that active-direct strategies were more effective in coping with stress than were the inactive and/or indirect behaviors. The discussion focuses on how sex role stereotypes...

Stress in ICU and non-ICU nurses.

Abstract: This study focused on the degree of burnout experienced by nurses in intensive care units and nonintensive care units. Nurses in both the surgical and medical ICUs, as well as nurses in the intermediate surgical and medical units and general surgical and medical units of a large, university hospital were the subjects. The data indicated that nurses in the ICUs did not differ in level of burnout from nurses in the other units. Across units, however, nurses who were characterized as more "hardy" experienced lower levels of burnout than nurses lower in this construct.

Perceived Role Conflict, Role Ambiguity, and Burnout Among Special Education Teachers:

Abstract: This study examined the relationship of mle conflict and role ambiguity to teacher burnout among Connecticut urban special education teachers (N = 443) afier contmlling for select personal and professional backgrouvd variables. The relationship of these background variabkj to teacher burnout was also examined Role conjict and ambiguity explained a signifcant amount of variance in feelings of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization. Whde perceived burnout among teachers was molrate, the level varied significantly with respect to age, experience, sex, and whether one taught in a resource mom or a self-contained classmom.

Burnout: Its Impact on Child Welfare Workers and Their Spouses

Abstract: aforementioned symptoms of mental and physical distress.3 Nonetheless, the few available empirical studies, which for the most part appeared after Perlman and Hartman's review, tend to support the existence of such relationships.4 In our study, therefore, we addressed this issue first: We hy pothesized that workers who scored high on the burnout scales used in our study would be more likely to report feelings of anxiety, depression, irritability, and somatic complaints and would also be more likely to report less satisfaction with their jobs and lower self-esteem compared to workers who scored low on the burn

The Issues of Staff Burnout in Therapeutic Communities

Abstract: (1986). The Issues of Staff Burnout in Therapeutic Communities. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs: Vol. 18, The Therapeutic Community: The Third Decade, pp. 247-251.

Role structure and burnout in the field of human services

Abstract: This article discusses a study that investigated burnout as a function of aspects of role structure for people working in the field of human services. The subjects, the staff of a residential rehabilitation and mental health center, completed a six-team questionnaire, the Maslach Burnout Inventory, and the Least Preferred Coworker Scale. The relationships of accuracy, concentration of social support network, mutual references, and motivational hierarchy were analyzed in three multiple regressions with emotional exhaustion, personal accomplishment, and depersonalization. Emotional exhaustion was found to have occurred less often when a person's social support network within the setting was not concentrated solely within the formal work subgroup, personal accomplishment was enhanced by an ambiguous role structure, and depersonalization was found to be related primarily to a person's values toward personal relationships and work and to be more prevalent among those with concentrated networks and ambiguously structured roles.

Type A, hardiness, and psychological distress.

Abstract: This study examined the effects of hardiness and Type A behavior to burnout and psychological distress in the face of daily life hassles. Measures of hassles, hardiness, Type A behavior, and psychological distress were collected for 193 employees in the human services over 4 months. Analyses of covariance revealed that cognitively hardly Type A individuals experienced significantly less burnout and psychological distress than their less hardy Type B counterparts. The conceptual overlap and inherent confound between the hassles and the psychological distress measures are discussed in light of the research findings.

Burnout and professional depression: related concepts?

Abstract: In 1978 Oswin documented a process of 'professional depression' affecting some nursing staff in long-stay hospitals. This study tested the hypothesis that 'professional depression' in long-stay nursing and 'emotional exhaustion' as a component of burnout describe a similar phenomenon. This hypothesis was supported. The results are consistent with Cherniss' characterization of burnout, which appears to show considerable similarities to the concept of depression. In this study professional depression demonstrated a substantial correlation with depressed mood. Personality demonstrated significant relationships with burnout variables, extrapunitive hostility correlating with hardening toward others, intropunitiveness with avoidance as a coping response. These findings, although confined to hospital nurses, support the usefulness of approaches stressing the interaction between the work environment and the individual.

Psychological and Organizational Factors Related to Burnout in Athletic Trainers

Abstract: This study investigated the relationship of five selected psychological and organizational variables to burnout in athletic trainers. Trainers (n = 332) from the Western United States completed self-report measures of burnout, role conflict, role ambiguity, locus of control and demographic variables. Regression, and follow-up canonical correlation analyses, indicated that role conflict, role ambiguity, locus of control, number of hours in direct contact with the athletes, and number of athletes in the athletic trainer's direct care were significantly related to total burnout, frequency and intensity of burnout, emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and personal accomplishment subscales. Role conflict explained the most variance on all burnout scores except personal accomplishment, which was best explained by role ambiguity. Overall, however, absolute levels of burnout were found to be low. Theoretical implications of this study include identifying variables which could be included in other stud...

Reliability and Construct Validity of the Maslach Burnout Inventory in a Sample of University Students

Abstract: A sample of 72 university students was administered the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). Item responses were intercorrelated and subjected to a principal factors analysis followed by a varimax rota...

Burnout among intensive care nurses

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between intensive-care nurse burnout and demographic variables The Maslach Burnout Inventory measured six components of burnout; emotional exhaustion frequency and intensity, depersonalization frequency and intensity, and personal accomplishment frequency and intensity The sample (N = 89) was drawn from an army medical center The variables, nursing, age, sex, military status, level of education, and length of time in nursing correlated with more than one aspect of burnout (p less than 05) Older age, less than a baccalaureate degree, female, and civilian status described the intensive care nurse who was less prone to burnout Further study of the relationship between nurses and burnout is required

Variables Related to Stress and Burnout in Special Education Teacher Trainees and First-Year Teachers.

Abstract: This article reports on role, stress, and burnout problems experienced by 379 special education teacher trainees and 36 first-year teachers. Cor-relational analyses were used to determine the degree to which these were related to personal, academic, and organizational variables. Regression analyses were employed to establish how and to what degree these variables, in combination, acted as significant predictors of trainee and inexperienced teacher stress and burnout. Finally, analysis of variance was used to identify significant differences between and among three levels of traineeship and one of teaching, with respect to role, stress, and burnout problems in special education classrooms. Results indicated that the majority of such problems were significantly interrelated, that not all of the background variables predicted significant stress and burnout levels, and that different levels of role, stress, and burnout problems were observed in respondents at various stages of professional development.

Spouse burnout syndrome

Abstract: In married couples, chronic illness in one partner can result in increased responsibilities for the spouse and lead to spouse burnout. Burnout has been described as a syndrome encompassing both physical and emotional symptoms. The literature has addressed the burnout syndrome experienced by health care professionals but few articles have addressed burnout in spouses of chronically ill persons. During a preliminary study of 30 chronically ill persons and their spouses, the following two questions were raised: Were the manifestations of the spouses similar to the indications of burnout exhibited by health professionals? and What factors in the home where one member was chronically ill contributed to the spouse's burnout? The three stages of burnout were examined. The emotional and physical symptoms of burnout in the first and second stages were very similar to symptoms identified in the spouses of our preliminary study. The spouses in our study did not exhibit signs or symptoms of the third stage. Three home situations were extrapolated from the study group in order to examine in depth specific examples of spouse burnout. Nurses have a responsibility to care for the spouse caregiver as well as the patient. The nurse must recognize behaviour which may be indicative of burnout syndrome. With this knowledge, the nurse is then better prepared to assist the spouse in prevention and/or early recognition and plan interventions accordingly.

Evaluation of burnout in oncology nurses.

Abstract: Nurses are subjected to occupational stress factors that can result in the syndrome of burnout. The problem addressed by this study was the evaluation of levels of burnout in oncology nurses and variables that related to its occurrence. A randomized sample of 152 members of the Oncology Nursing Society who returned the tools used to measure burnout was included in the study analysis. These tools were the Staff Burnout Scale for Health Professionals and the Yasko survey tool. The study found that oncology nurses sampled were not at any greater risk of burnout than other hospital-based nurses. The oncology nurses in this study experienced a moderate degree of burnout, scoring a mean of 52.7 points on the Staff Burnout Scale. Potential range for scores was 20–140. This is only slightly higher than the mean of 51.1 reported by Joyce Yasko for clinical nurse specialists. Variables correlated with development of higher scores of burnout were availability of psychological support; amount of job stress or tension experienced; level of job satisfaction, i.e., the presence of positive or negative feelings about work; and the presence of certain sources of stress, such as organizational problems or physicians. Age and years of experience were mildly correlated with burnout scores.

Burnout and locus of control in child day care staff

Abstract: Caregivers' locus of control and a number of their personal characteristics and working conditions were investigated in relation to the amount of stress (burnout) experienced by 120 day care workers in 24 different centers. Results showed staff with a more internal locus of control reporting greater feelings of personal accomplishment. In addition, caregivers of infants were found less likely to be experiencing “burnout” than were caregivers of older children. While amount of input into center decisions, caregivers' education, and experience were found related to feelings of emotional exhaustion, findings of some previous research were not supported by the results of this study.

Some limitations on therapeutic effectiveness: the "burnout syndrome" in psychoanalysts.

Abstract: Problems of maintaining psychoanalytic therapeutic effectiveness during a professional lifetime are discussed. Psychoanalysts are subject to paradoxical emotional and characterologic demands, uncompensated by the usual gratifications available in the healing professions. Problems arising from the analyst's character and the paucity of data in the field are discussed. "Burnout" syndromes are liable to occur in those working in a setting of great emotional intensity demanding high degrees of affective awareness and control, empathy and tolerance of uncertainty. Masochistic and narcissistic forms of "burnout" syndrome are described as they occur in psychoanalysts. The profession, as well as the individual, can help to prevent these syndromes.

Burnout experienced by nurse midwives.

Abstract: In 1982 the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) was completed by 98 US educated and employed certified nurse-midwives. The respondents represented 49% of a randomly selected sample stratified according to regions of the American College of Nurse-Midwives. The findings revealed that the majority of the respondents reported low levels of burnout on all six MBI dimensions. However, high levels of burnout, ranging from 8.2 to 21.4% for the six MBI dimensions, were reported by the respondents. When relationships between the burnout dimensions and personal and environmental variables were examined, the findings were essentially specific to the MBI dimensions. Burnout is more likely to occur in nurse-midwives with the following characteristics: young, have children, relatively newly employed in large services serving a high proportion of welfare clients, and often lacking physician, nurse, and consumer support.

Burnout experienced by recent pharmacy graduates of Mercer University.

Abstract: The degree of burnout experienced by graduates of the Mercer University Southern School of Pharmacy from 1973 to 1983 was studied. Questionnaires were mailed to 1000 alumni, representing 850 Bachelor of Science (B.S.) and 150 Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm.D.) graduates. Three components of burnout--emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal achievement--were measured using the Maslach Burnout Inventory to determine relationships between burnout and primary work setting, primary work activity, and type of degree (Pharm.D. or B.S.). The response rate was 41%. The respondents experienced a moderate degree of burnout. Those pharmacists working primarily in community chain store settings reported greater levels of burnout than those working in hospital or institutional pharmacies, independent community pharmacies, academia, and home health care. Respondents who performed primarily nondistributive duties (direct patient care, drug information, teaching or research, and management or administration) experienced lower levels of burnout than those involved primarily in drug distribution. Pharmacists holding the Pharm.D. degree were involved to a greater extent in nondistributive positions and experienced a lower degree of burnout than the pharmacists holding a B.S. degree only. Pharmacists in nondistributive roles appear to be less affected by burnout than pharmacists performing traditional distributive activities.