Showing papers on "Coturnix published in 1982"
TL;DR: Results suggest that the physiological basis of refractoriness lies either in the neural circuits regulating neurohormone secretion or in the photoperiodic clock mechanism itself.
Abstract: The photoperiodic mechanisms underlying seasonal breeding in male Japanese quail change their characteristics annually, with the result that reproduction is terminated in the late summer rather than the autumn. The reproductive cycle was studied in 4 successive years to determine the critical daylengths for reproductive induction in spring, and for its termination in late summer. In spring luteinizing hormone levels first rise when the daylength has reached 11.9 h but in late summer the first signs of a decrease are detectable when the photoperiod has decreased to 14.7 h and levels are basal when it has reached about 14 h. Thus, quail appear to have evolved a refractoriness to daylengths in late summer that were maximally stimulatory earlier in the year. However, quail are not photorefractory in the `classic9 sense as they remain continuously in breeding if held on unchanging long days and can be photostimulated at any time of the year by daylengths in excess of 16 h light: 8 h darkness. Their particular form of refractoriness seems to involve a seasonal shift in the critical daylength. Refractoriness can be induced in quail held in the laboratory under a simulated annual photocycle, and, more importantly, it develops in birds exposed to long daylengths of a fixed duration. For example, quail exposed to 20 h light: 4 h darkness show a shift in the critical daylength from approximately 12 to 15 h over a period of about 2 months. The time course over which the shift occurs is intriguing and can explain the responses under natural photoperiods. Under fixed daylengths the critical daylength that induces regression depends upon the duration of the stimulatory photoperiod. Female quail also develop refractoriness. The evolution of refractoriness does not depend upon the activity of the hypothalamo-pituitary axis and develops in castrated quail as well as in birds implanted with androgens. Castrated quail show annual cycles in gonadotrophin secretion indistinguishable in timing from those in intact birds. Such results suggest that the physiological basis of refractoriness lies either in the neural circuits regulating neurohormone secretion or in the photoperiodic clock mechanism itself.
153 citations
TL;DR: The results indicate that calling and locomotor activity enhancement (including sexual behavior) are two different components of reproductive behavior which require different androgens or their metabolites to be activated.
72 citations
TL;DR: Evidence is provided that As added alone in the form of arsenite has little effect on methylmercury toxicity but altered the ability of selenite to modify methylmerCury toxicity.
33 citations
TL;DR: It was concluded that the greater number of nuclei in the longer fibers of P-line quail was principally the consequence of a greater mitotic rate in the satellite cells of this line compared to the C- line quail.
Abstract: Transverse sections of the semimembranosus muscle of a control (C) line of Japanese quail and of a line (P) selected for high body weight at 4 weeks of age were observed for nuclear content. The two lines were sampled at 4 days posthatching and at 4 weeks of age. The relative number of satellite cells decreased from 4 days to 4 weeks of age. The total number of satellite cells, however, appeared to increase as muscle length increased; this relation was not influenced by line effects. It was concluded that the greater number of nuclei in the longer fibers of P-line quail was principally the consequence of a greater mitotic rate in the satellite cells of this line compared to the C-line quail.
30 citations
TL;DR: It is indicated that β-DHT cannot be considered as an inactive steroid in male birds because it potentiated the stimulating action of 0.5 mg T administration and produced a weak, though quite consistent stimulation of these parameters.
23 citations
TL;DR: Atherosclerosis induced in Japanese quail by feeding cholesterol and cholic acid is characterized initially by lipid deposition in the arterial wall, followed by increased incorporation of tritiated thymidine and the appearance of gross lesions.
21 citations
20 citations
TL;DR: In treated males, the plasma concentrations of protein-bound P (PBP, a measure of the phosphate groups in vitellogenin), Ca, and total protein fluctuated in unison while in treated females, Ca and PBP were present in equimolar quantities.
19 citations
TL;DR: In the eight-week-old quail, no significant differences were noted between irradiated and control cerebella in the morphological measurements of Purkinje cells, and the long-term effect of microwave radiation during embryogenesis on the cerebellum was examined.
Abstract: Fertilized Japanese quail eggs were continuously exposed to 2.45 GHz microwave radiation from day 1 through day 12 of incubation at a power density of 5.0 +/- 0.52 mW/cm2 (mean specific absorption rate = 4.03 mW/gm). In the experiment with embryos, irradiated and control embryos were removed from eggs on day 12, 13 or 14 of incubation and the cerebella were histologically examined. In order to examine the long-term effect of microwave radiation during embryogenesis on the cerebellum, some of the quail were allowed to hatch and were reared to eight weeks of age. Their cerebella were histologically examined, and the extent of dendritic arbores, the length of the stem of the primary dendrite, and the size of the perikaryon of Purkinje cells were measured in Golgi-Cox impregnated sections. In the irradiated embryos, a slight developmental retardation was found in the cerebellar cortices in terms of several morphological parameters. The effects included the growth and subsequent decline of the external granular layer, the growth of the molecular layer, the cellular differentiation and the alignment of Purkinje cells, and the accumulation of granule cells beneath the Purkinje cell layer, as well as lower body and brain weights. In the eight-week-old quail, no significant differences were noted between irradiated and control cerebella in the morphological measurements of Purkinje cells.
18 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that both biochanin A and ferulic acid exert inhibiting influences on the reproductive behavior of Coturnix.
Abstract: A study was conducted to determine the effects of two dietary compounds, biochanin A and ferulic acid, on the reproductive performance of Japanese quail, Coturnix coturnix . These compounds may be present in the diet of wild birds during dry years or at the end of the growing season during normal years. Four treatment groups, each fed a diet supplemented with biochanin A or ferulic acid, and a control group were tested for morphological and behavioral effects before, during and after treatment. Fertility and hatchability data were collected during treatment only. Ferulic acid was shown to inhibit male copulatory behavior during treatment. Biochanin A inhibited male copulatory behavior during and after treatment. Neither drug affected female copulatory behavior though egg-laying was inhibited by the low dose of biochanin A. Ferulic acid significantly reduced the hatchability of eggs. Biochanin A increased the fertility of males and the hatchability of eggs fertilized by them. A correlation between results of this study and natural conditions of reproduction is discussed. It is concluded that both biochanin A and ferulic acid exert inhibiting influences on the reproductive behavior of Coturnix .
17 citations
TL;DR: Male and female Japanese quail from two strains bred for differing susceptibility to induction of atherosclerosis by dietary cholesterol were fed a control diet or control diet + .5% USP cholesterol and Atherosclerosis (incidence and severity) was higher in males than females and higher in SUS than RES.
TL;DR: It may be concluded that niacin deficiency reduces pyridine nucleotide levels in muscle tissue but not other tissues and that it does not affect the activity level of certain enzymes in muscle or liver tissue.
Abstract: Three experiments were carried out to determine the effects of feeding a niacin-free diet (NFD) to immature quail. The first two experiments demonstrated that the results were influenced by the age of the birds. Birds placed on test at 4 weeks of age (57 g) had reduced growth rates but did not readily develop niacin deficiency symptoms. In contrast, newly hatched chicks (7.2 g) were highly sensitive as all birds died within 9 days of being fed the NFD. In the third experiment the NFD was fed to birds that were intermediate in weight (19 g) to those in the first two experiments. Niacin deficiency led to a marked depression in growth, closure of eyes, reduced activity and a marked atrophy of the pectoral muscle. There was a dramatic reduction in the level of NAD and NADPH in the pectoral muscle but not in other tissues. The niacin status of quail did not affect the activity levels of metabolically related or unrelated enzymes in liver or pectoral muscle. It may be concluded that niacin deficiency reduces pyridine nucleotide levels in muscle tissue but not other tissues and that it does not affect the activity level of certain enzymes in muscle or liver tissue.
TL;DR: Acute fowl cholera causing high mortality was diagnosed in three flocks of quail, one involving pharaoh quail (Coturnix coturnIX) and two involving bobwhite quail(Colinus virginianus).
Abstract: Acute fowl cholera causing high mortality was diagnosed in three flocks of quail, one involving pharaoh quail (Coturnix coturnix) and two involving bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus). The causative organism, Pasteurella multocida, was identified as type 3.
TL;DR: Seventy-one chemicals were administered as single oral doses at about 50% of the estimated LD 50 to adult male Coturnix quail but none reduced the fertility of eggs produced by female mates by more than 50%.
TL;DR: A type of feather structure abnormality in Japanese quail resulting from the failure of barbs to uncoil was found to be controlled by a single autosomal recessive gene, pc (porcupine), which was first identified in two birds from a population homozygous for white plumage color.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The BALB/c murine endogenous xenotropic leukemia virus pseudotype of m1 Moloney sarcoma virus was used to productively transform diploid Japanese quail embryo cells, and a cell culture derived from one quail tumor was shown to be oncogenic in newly hatched quail.
Abstract: The BALB/c murine endogenous xenotropic leukemia virus pseudotype of m1 Moloney sarcoma virus [m1MSV(B-MuX)] was used to productively transform diploid Japanese quail embryo cells. The majority of newly hatched quail inoculated with m1MSV(B-MuX)-transformed quail embryo fibroblast cells rapidly developed tumors which were predominantly locally invasive fibrosarcomas, but metastases were observed in two birds. In two tumor-bearing quail, lymphosarcomas were observed in conjunction with fibrosarcomas. Quail inoculated with m1MSV(B-MuX) virus or quail embryo fibroblast cells infected with helper leukemia virus did not develop tumors. A cell culture derived from one quail tumor was shown to be oncogenic in newly hatched quail. Viruses produced by m1MSV(B-MuX)-infected quail cells or quail tumors had envelope properties of BALB-derived murine xenotropic leukemia virus as measured by host range, interference, and neutralization. Virus structural antigens, proteins with molecular weights of 30,000 and 70,000, were detected in tumors and tumor-derived cell lines by immunofluorescence and gel diffusion. Sera from tumored quail had high titers of type-specific BALB-derived murine xenotropic leukemia virus antibodies as determined by neutralization and immunoprecipitation. Antibodies to the putative m1 Moloney sarcoma virus mos gene product were not detected in sera from tumored or regressor quail.
TL;DR: The respiratory status of the embryonic quail during the two days prior to hatching was assessed by measuring the gas tensions within the air space of the egg and of blood collected from the chorioallantois.
TL;DR: The synthesis of quail skeletal myosin light chain 1 is induced in heterokaryons formed by fusing these undifferentiated quail myoblasts to differentiated chick myocytes, indicating that the induction is a result of regulatory interactions present in normal diploid cells.
Abstract: Quail myoblasts were maintained in an undifferentiated state by first blocking differentiation with 5-bromodeoxyuridine and then reversing the block in the presence of phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate. The synthesis of quail skeletal myosin light chain 1 is induced in heterokaryons formed by fusing these undifferentiated quail myoblasts to differentiated chick myocytes. These results extend observations previously obtained using an established line of rat myoblasts and indicate that the induction is a result of regulatory interactions present in normal diploid cells.
TL;DR: When bobwhite and rabbits were oversprayed with oxamyl under field conditions (three times at 3 pounds per acre), no clinical or gross pathological effects were produced.
Abstract: The acute oral LD50 of oxamyl in bobwhite (Colinus virginianus), mallards (Anas platyrhnchos) and Japanese quail (Coturnix c. japonica) is 9.4, 2.6 and 4.3 mg/kg BW, respectively. The eight-day dietary LC50 in bobwhite and mallards is 54 and 369 ppm, respectively. When Japanese quail consumed up to 33 mg oxamyl/kg BW/day over a 30-day intermittent feeding period, no effects were evident. When bobwhite and rabbits were oversprayed with oxamyl under field conditions (three times at 3 pounds per acre), no clinical or gross pathological effects were produced.
TL;DR: A type of feather structure abnormality in Japanese quail resulting in shortened barbs on contour feathers was found to be controlled by a single autosomal recessive gene, sh (short barb).
TL;DR: The inclusion of .5% of sulfaguanidine or a high level of leucine in a niacin free diet had no influence during an 8-week period on liver pyridine nucleotide levels and the development of niac in deficiency symptoms in mature female quail, which would suggest that the matureFemale quail has a low requirement for dietary niacIn.
TL;DR: Pretreatment of quail in vivo with DDMU or phenobarbitone, known inducers of the hepatic mixed-function oxidases, resulted in faster depletion of GSH when the hepatocytes were incubated subsequently withDDMU in vitro, and enhanced GSH depletion in rat hepatocytes.
Abstract: 1. Hepatocytes have been isolated from adult Japanese quail in high yields (26-40 X 10(6) cells/g) with 95% viability. Variation in the collagenase and hyaluronidase levels and incubation time used in the isolation procedure affected the yield and viability of the hepatocytes. Quail hepatocytes were more stable in a standard nutrient medium than those of the rat. 2 1,1-Di-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-chloroethylene (DDMU), a metabolite of DDT, depleted quail hepatic GSH levels both in vitro and in vivo, but had no effect on rat hepatocytes. DDMU (0.1 mM) depleted GSH levels in the quail to the same extent as diethyl maleate (a known GSH-depleting agent) (0.04 mM) but the latter acted more rapidly. 3. Pretreatment of quail in vivo with DDMU or phenobarbitone, known inducers of the hepatic mixed-function oxidases, resulted in faster depletion of GSH when the hepatocytes were incubated subsequently with DDMU in vitro. 4. In contrast, 1,1-di-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2-dichloroethylene (DDE), another metabolite of DDT, did not deplete GSH levels in the quail but did cause some reduction in the rat. Phenobarbitone pretreatment had no effect on GSH depletion by DDE in vitro in quail hepatocytes but enhanced GSH depletion in rat hepatocytes.
TL;DR: The stability of hemoglobin polymorphism in a randombred chicken and arandombred Coturnix quail population was studied by comparing the frequencies of known hemoglobin mutant genes after several generations of maintaining nonselected randombed populations.
TL;DR: O,p′-DDT injected into adult castrated male quail stimulated growth of the proctodeal (foam) gland, indicating that this pesticide constituent, in addition to its known estrogenic actions, is also androgenic.
Abstract: O,p′-DDT injected into adult castrated male quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) stimulated growth of the proctodeal (foam) gland, a structure that is androgen but not estrogen responsive, indicating that this pesticide constituent, in addition to its known estrogenic actions, is also androgenic.
TL;DR: The authors showed that 40% of the gadolinium label was lost from the test quail within 3 hours, and the decreased deposition of Gd in the growing oocytes of EDTA-treated quail resulted from increased excretion of the label.