Showing papers on "Dilemma published in 2021"

The Kurds In Turkey: A Political Dilemma

Abstract: This book analyzes the Kurdish problem in Turkey from the point of view of the Turkish authorities, as well as from the perspective of disaffected Kurds living in that state and abroad. It also analyzes the political instability and terrorism rampant in Turkey during the late 1970s.

Urban Informatics in the Science and Practice of Planning

Abstract: The vast amount of data being generated in and about cities creates both an opportunity and a dilemma for urban policymakers and planners This paper articulates the theoretical, practical, and ped

Managing the Value Appropriation Dilemma in Business Model Innovation

Abstract: Managers and designers of innovative business models that are enabled by emerging technologies need to build legitimacy with ecosystem participants. Yet increasing legitimacy within the ecosystem r...

Communicating What We Know and What Isn’t So: Science Communication in Psychology:

Abstract: The field of psychology has a long history of encouraging researchers to disseminate their findings to the broader public. This trend has continued in recent decades in part because of professional psychology organizations reissuing calls to "give psychology away." This recent wave of calls to give psychology away is different because it has been occurring alongside another movement in the field-the credibility revolution in which psychology has been reckoning with metascientific questions about what exactly psychologists know. This creates a dilemma for the modern psychologist: How is one to "give psychology away" if one is unsure about what is known or what one has to give? In the current article, we discuss strategies for navigating this tension by drawing on insights from the interdisciplinary fields of science communication and persuasion and social influence.

Commentary: Artificial Intelligence: The Marketer’s Dilemma:

Abstract: Puntoni et al. (2021; hereinafter Puntoni et al.) have written a useful, interesting, and comprehensive summation of many of the promises and potential pitfalls of artificial intelligence (AI) for consumers. In this short commentary, we extend their contributions by focusing on the hidden challenges, and thus the dilemma, that marketers face when they utilize AI. It seemed to us that Puntoni et al. suggest in several places that companies and organizations have a degree of control over AI or its algorithms which might be unrealistic. For example, the authors write that companies could “strive to develop AI that is less, rather than more, humanlike” (p. 175) and that managers should “design both debiased and antibias AI experiences” (p. 170). We found a similar perspective in De Bruyn et al. (2020). For example, their idea that “marketing managers” need to “specify valid objective functions” (pp. 91–92) may overstate the amount of control that most marketers have over AI. It is fair to say that a firm can customize an AI offering or its outputs without altering its core algorithms, in the same way that the passenger on an Uber ride can adjust their seat, listen to their own music, and open the window. However, most marketers in the world today are consumers, not creators, of AI technology. Creating and maintaining algorithms and AI is a complicated, expensive process that requires skilled personnel and continual monitoring and adjustment. Although AI is extremely useful to marketers, most do not produce or control it. Although it offers a sense of the degrees of freedom marketers may have to address consumer-facing challenges, Puntoni et al.’s experience design conception and advice may unhelpfully blur the line between what most marketers are and are not able to control about AI. Their article also obscures the power shifts and practical alterations accompanying the implementation of AI in organizations today. In the larger trend, which we might term “the technologizing of marketing,” marketers have largely become the users of technology rather than its masters, increasingly dependent on technology and its keepers—both those inside and outside their organizations—to do their job. This status is not new. Since computerized sales reports, customer relationship management (CRM), e-commerce, and web pages became important parts of the marketer’s toolkit, influence over the implementation of marketing has been shifting to organizational information technology departments and the types who populate them. Platforms and AI further accelerate this technologizing shift of influence and power over the customer interface. Just as with prior changes, marketers may set the goals, but they are increasingly subordinate to technologists for development, implementation, and interpretation. Even the goals of marketing may ultimately be informed by AI. We build on Puntoni et al. by describing three important challenges that marketers face when they apply AI. After naming and explaining each of these challenges, we offer some recommendations on how marketers can face the important dilemma these challenges present.

Freedom or money? The dilemma of migrant live-in elderly carers in times of COVID-19.

Abstract: As a consequence of the lockdown measures imposed by the Belgian government to fight against COVID‐19, migrant live‐in elderly carers had to choose between safeguarding their job — at the detriment of their personal freedom, their health and their working conditions — and safeguarding their freedom but losing their job — at the detriment of their economic survival and that of their families. This article explores this dilemma from an intersectionality perspective. In order to understand their experience in times of COVID‐19 and their response to this dilemma, I analyse their position as women, as migrants, as elderly care workers, as family breadwinners and as ‘quasi‐family members’ in the families of their employer — which correspond to five interlocking systems of oppression.

A collective risk dilemma for tourism restrictions under the COVID-19 context.

Abstract: The current COVID-19 pandemic has impacted millions of people and the global economy. Tourism has been one the most affected economic sectors because of the mobility restrictions established by governments and uncoordinated actions from origin and destination regions. The coordination of restrictions and reopening policies could help control the spread of virus and enhance economies, but this is not an easy endeavor since touristic companies, citizens, and local governments have conflicting interests. We propose an evolutionary game model that reflects a collective risk dilemma behind these decisions. To this aim, we represent regions as players, organized in groups; and consider the perceived risk as a strict lock-down and null economic activity. The costs for regions when restricting their mobility are heterogeneous, given that the dependence on tourism of each region is diverse. Our analysis shows that, for both large populations and the EU NUTS2 case study, the existence of heterogeneous costs enhances global agreements. Furthermore, the decision on how to group regions to maximize the regions' agreement of the population is a relevant issue for decision makers to consider. We find out that a layout of groups based on similar costs of cooperation boosts the regions' agreements and avoid the risk of having a total lock-down and a negligible tourism activity. These findings can guide policy makers to facilitate agreements among regions to maximize the tourism recovery.

Economic analysis of corruption: evidence from Pakistan

Abstract: Misuse of public power is generally known as corruption, and this issue becomes an international dilemma in the economic world. However, different levels of corruption exist in developing and devel...

The Rise of Data Politics: Digital China and the World.

Abstract: Data has become one of the most valuable assets for governments and firms. Yet, we still have a limited understanding of how data reshapes international economic relations. This paper explores various aspects of data politics through the lens of China's digital rise and the country's global engagement. I start with the theoretical premise that data differs from traditional strategic assets (e.g., land, oil, and labor), in that it is nonrival and partially excludable. These characteristics have generated externality, commitment, and valuation problems, triggering three fundamental changes in China's external economic relations. First, data's externality problem makes it necessary for states to regulate data or even to pursue data sovereignty. However, clashes over data sovereignty can ignite conflicts between China and other countries. Second, the commitment problem in data use raises global concerns about foreign government surveillance. As data is easier to transfer across borders than physical commodities, Chinese tech companies' investments abroad are vulnerable to national security investigations by foreign regulators. Chinese tech companies, therefore, confront a "deep versus broad" dilemma: deep ties with the Chinese government help promote their domestic business but jeopardize their international expansion. Lastly, data's valuation problem makes traditional measures (e.g., GDP) ill-suited to measure the relative strengths of the world's economies, which may distort perceptions of China and other states.

Veil-of-ignorance reasoning mitigates self-serving bias in resource allocation during the COVID-19 crisis

Abstract: The COVID-19 crisis has forced healthcare professionals to make tragic decisions concerning which patients to save Furthermore, The COVID-19 crisis has foregrounded the influence of self-serving bias in debates on how to allocate scarce resources A utilitarian principle favors allocating scarce resources such as ventilators toward younger patients, as this is expected to save more years of life Some view this as ageist, instead favoring age-neutral principles, such as "first come, first served" Which approach is fairer? The "veil of ignorance" is a moral reasoning device designed to promote impartial decision-making by reducing decision-makers' use of potentially biasing information about who will benefit most or least from the available options Veil-of-ignorance reasoning was originally applied by philosophers and economists to foundational questions concerning the overall organization of society Here we apply veil-of-ignorance reasoning to the COVID-19 ventilator dilemma, asking participants which policy they would prefer if they did not know whether they were younger or older Two studies (pre-registered;online samples;Study 1, N=414;Study 2 replication, N=1,276) show that veil-of-ignorance reasoning shifts preferences toward saving younger patients The effect on older participants is dramatic, reversing their opposition toward favoring the young, thereby eliminating self-serving bias These findings provide guidance on how to remove self-serving biases to healthcare policymakers and frontline personnel charged with allocating scarce medical resources during times of crisis

Strategic Inventories Under Supply Chain Competition

Abstract: Problem definition: We consider the effects of strategic inventory (SI) in the presence of chain-to-chain competition in a two-period model. Academic/practical relevance: Established findings sugge...

Tactical cooperation of defectors in a multi-stage public goods game.

Abstract: The basic social dilemma is frequently captured by a public goods game where participants decide simultaneously whether to support a common pool or not and after the enhanced contributions are distributed uniformly among all competitors. What if the result of common efforts is {\it not} distributed immediately, but it is reinvested and added to the pool for a next round? This extension may not only result in an enhanced benefit for group members but also opens new strategies for involved players because they may act in distinct rounds differently. In this work we focus on the simplest case when two rounds are considered, but the applied multiplication factors dedicated to a certain round can be different. We show that in structured populations the winning strategy may depend sensitively on the ratio of these factors and the last round has a special importance to reach a fully cooperative state. We also observe that it may pay for defectors to support the first round and after enjoy the extra benefit of accumulated contributions. Full cooperator strategy is only viable if the second round ensures a premium benefit of investments.

Promotion of cooperation with loyalty-based reward in the spatial prisoner’s dilemma game

Abstract: Memory and reward have been proved as effective mechanisms for maintaining cooperation among selfish individuals. In this article, this study proposes a reward mechanism based on historical loyalty, that is, an individual who adhere to the cooperation strategy for a period of time will get additional reward. Accordingly, the reward for a loyal cooperator is undertaken by neighboring defectors equally. The results on prisoner’s dilemma game show that, with appropriate loyalty threshold and reward factors, the cooperation level can be greatly enhanced. In addition, the time evolution of cooperator density and the spatial distribution of cooperators and defectors are also studied.

There is no dilemma for conceptual engineering. Reply to Max Deutsch

Abstract: Max Deutsch (in: Philosophical studies, online-first. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11098-020-01416-z, 2020) has recently argued that conceptual engineering is stuck in a dilemma. If it is construed as the activity of revising the semantic meanings of existing terms, then it faces an unsurmountable implementation problem. If, on the other hand, it is construed as the activity of introducing new technical terms, then it becomes trivial. According to Deutsch, this conclusion need not worry us, however, for conceptual engineering is ill-motivated to begin with. This paper responds to Deutsch by arguing, first, that there is a third construal of conceptual engineering, neglected by him, which renders it both implementable and non-trivial, and second, that even the more ambitious project of changing semantic meanings is no less feasible than other normative projects we currently pursue. Lastly, the value of conceptual engineering is defended against Deutsch’s objections.

What do you mean by “niche”? Modern ecological theories are not coherent on rhetoric about the niche concept

Abstract: Ecologists have long had a “love-hate” relationship with the niche concept. Sometimes referred to as a term best left undefined, the niche concept nonetheless spans ecology. Deeply rooted in the Darwinian struggle for survival, “niche” has been a core, although slippery, idea in ecology since its origins. What ecologists mean by niche has changed semantically over time. In this paper, we review the history of the term, focusing on its uses and the disagreements that have arisen over it within ecology. Because classic niche concepts are not exclusive and share some similarities, we disentangle them into key theoretical components to create a heuristic classification scheme for niche concepts. We, therefore, analyze coherence on rhetoric within the ecological literature, by classifying how ecologists use niche concepts in their writing, aiming at clarifying communication on what is being studied. To assess if modern ecological theories are coherent in their usage of the niche concept, we surveyed a sample of three research areas: ecological niche modeling, coexistence between species and meta-communities. We found that research agendas are segregated when it comes to rhetoric about niches. Ecologists have long tried to achieve a truly unifying biodiversity theory, or at least a universal definition of niche. We, however, move in the opposite direction and suggest that the niche concept should be dismembered into its key components, highlighting which elements of the concept are being addressed and analyzed. Explicitly stating to which niche concept a study is referring may enhance communication among researchers from different backgrounds and perhaps alleviate this century-old dilemma.

The vaccine against COVID-19 and institutional trust

Abstract: Major public and private laboratories have entered into a race to find an effective Covid-19 vaccine. When that vaccine arrives, the governments will have to implement vaccination programs to achieve the necessary immunization levels to prevent the disease transmission. In this context, the ethical dilemma of compulsory vaccination vs. voluntary vaccination will be raised. Underlying this dilemma, lies the problem of the ethical models on which the political decisions of governments in matters of health are based. The article proposes and argues the need to base health policy decisions on an ethical "first person" model, based on responsibility, that allows us to move from a normative ethic to an ethic of responsible behavior. This change in the ethical model, together with certain proposals for political action, will help us to restore institutional trust so that the necessary levels of collective immunity against Covid-19 can be achieved through the voluntary vaccination of the citizens.

The dual-use security dilemma and the social construction of insecurity

Abstract: In this article I introduce the concept of the “dual-use security dilemma,” specifically through elaborating on two main aspects that shape this dilemma. First, inspired by traditional security sch...

Gotta CAPTCHA ’Em All: A Survey of 20 Years of the Human-or-computer Dilemma

Abstract: A recent study has found that malicious bots generated nearly a quarter of overall website traffic in 2019 [102]. These malicious bots perform activities such as price and content scraping, account...

Beyond the jobs-versus-environment dilemma? Contested social-ecological transformations in the automotive industry

Abstract: The transport sector is the major contributor to accelerating CO2 emissions, with the highest proportion stemming from road transport and passenger cars. At the same time, the automotive industry drives economic growth, contributes to state revenues and is an important employer. This article departs from this so-called jobs-versus-environment dilemma to discuss barriers and potentials for transformative change in the Austrian automotive (supplier) industry with a special focus on workers and trade unions. Based on a Cultural Political Economy perspective, we firstly analyze the materiality of the Austrian automotive industry and secondly link these structural features to meaning-making and the articulation of crisis construals and imaginaries by workers and their representatives. This analysis helps to better understand the challenges for more transformative change but thirdly also to examine entry points for such a transformation from a labor perspective. We characterize the materiality of the Austrian automotive industry around six interconnected features and identify an improvement, a diversification and a transformation imaginary. Despite a widespread perception of incremental change among the workforce in the automotive industry, we find that there is strong confidence in their knowledge and expertise that could also support a more systemic mobility transformation. As such, the transformation of the Austrian automotive industry exemplifies both the strategic dilemmas and potentials of social-ecological transformations.

In-house production and outsourcing under different emissions reduction regulations: An equilibrium decision model for global supply chains

Abstract: A primary dilemma for multinational firms facing different emissions reduction regulations is determining what to produce in-house and what to outsource. We study a supply chain with manufacturers and overseas suppliers each facing different carbon tax rates. We present an in-house production and outsourcing equilibrium decision model as well as a modified projection algorithm for this supply chain. Numerical examples focus on examining how carbon tax rates and consumer’s carbon awareness affect in-house production and outsourcing decisions. Analysis of the numerical results provides important managerial insights and carbon policy implications which are thoroughly discussed in this paper.

Frugal innovation and leapfrogging innovation approach to the Industry 4.0 challenge for a developing country

Abstract: There has been little discussion about solving problems in response to the Industry 40 challenge to a developing country This paper focuses on those problems, including the investment dilemma cau