Showing papers on "Energy source published in 1986"

Applied drilling engineering

Abstract: This printing includes corrections made since the original publication in 1986. The text presents petroleum engineering science fundamentals as well as example engineering applications involving those fundamentals. Subjects covered include rotary drilling, drilling fluids, cements, drilling hydraulics, rotary-drilling bits, formation pore pressure and fracture resistance, casing design, directional drilling, and deviation control.

Animal cell culture.

Abstract: A process for the batch culture of animal cells comprises culturing the cells in nutrient medium characterised in that during the culture the medium is supplemented with a combined feed of one or more energy sources and one or more amino acids, and culturing is continued into the decline phase of the culture to provide the product(s) of the cells. The process is particularly applicable to genetically modified cells, especially hybridoma cell cultures to produce monoclonal antibodies. Preferably, the supplemental feed is fed to the culture at a slow rate over a prolonged period. Very significant enhancement of overall product yield may be obtained.

Energy and Resource Quality: The Ecology of the Economic Process

Abstract: Energy and Economics Characteristics and Magnitude of US Energy Resource Systems Environmental and Human Impacts of Energy Extraction and Use Energy and the Management of Renewable Natural Resources Bibliography Index

Limitations in the use of commercial humic acids in water and soil research.

Abstract: Seven samples of commercial humic acids, purchased from five different suppliers, were studied, and their characteristics were compared with humic and fulvic acids isolated from streams, soils, peat, leonardite, and a dopplerite sample. Cross-polarization and magic-angle spinning /sup 13/C NMR spectroscopy clearly shows pronounced differences between the commercial materials and all other samples. Elemental and infrared spectroscopic data do not show such clear-cut differences but can be used as supportive evidence, with the /sup 13/C NMR data, to substantiate the above distinctions. As a result of these differences and due to the general lack of information relating to the source, method of isolation, or other pretreatment of the commercial materials, these commercial products are not considered to be appropriate for use as analogues of true soil and water humic substances, in experiments designed to evaluate the nature and reactivity of humic substances in natural waters and soils.

Simulation of Microbial Growth Dynamics Coupled to Nutrient and Oxygen Transport in Porous Media

Abstract: A model for simulating microbial growth-degradation processes in porous media is developed. It is assumed that the bulk of microorganisms in an aquifer grow in microcolonies attached to matrix surfaces. As developed, the model applies to the growth and decay of aerobic, heterotrophic microorganisms whose growth is limited by lack of a carbon and energy source (substrate), an oxygen source or both simultaneously as described by modified Monod kinetics. Transport of substrate and oxygen in the porous medium is assumed to be governed by advection-dispersion equations with surface adsorption. A total of five coupled equations result describing substrate and oxygen concentrations in the pore fluid, substrate and oxygen concentrations in the microcolonies and colony density, which is assumed sufficiently small so that aquifer hydraulic conductivity is not diminished. An iterative process involving an Eulerian-Lagrangian numerical procedure that is highly resistant to numerical dispersion in the presence of small dispersivities is used to solve the overall model, with parameter values selected from the literature or estimated. Results indicate that biodgradation would be expected to have a major effect on contaminant transport when proper conditions for growth exist. For one-dimensional transport in a column, the most rapid microbial growth always occurred at the influent boundary where oxygen and substrate concentrations were held constant independent of colony density. Anaerobic conditions develop rapidly and aerobic biodegradation ceases if large amounts of substrate are added to the system.

Problems and pitfalls in animal experiments designed to establish dietary requirements for essential nutrients.

Abstract: Problems are encountered in nutrition research designed to establish nutrient requirements. A nutrient requirement must be defined in terms of a specific criterion of response for animals of a given age, weight, sex and body composition. The experimental diet employed must be carefully defined in terms of protein source and level, energy source and level and a multitude of biological availability factors, both negative (e.g., phytate and fiber) and positive (e.g., anabolic bioactivity). Also precursor materials may contribute nutrient bioactivity to the diet. Having considered these factors, the data obtained must be subjected to appropriate statistical methods that will allow objective rather than subjective estimation of the maxima or minima being sought (i.e., the "requirement").

The Changing carbon cycle : a global analysis

Abstract: An attempt is made to examine current knowledge about the fluxes, sources, and sinks in the global carbon cycle as well as the ability to apply this knowledge to the prediction of changes in atmospheric CO/sub 2/ concentration resulting from anthropogenic influences. The reader will find authoritative discussions of: past and expected releases of CO/sub 2/ from fossil fuels; the historical record and implications of atmospheric CO/sub 2/ increases; isotopic and geological records of past carbon cycle processes; the role of the oceans in the global carbon cycle; the influence of the world biosphere on changes in atmospheric CO/sub 2/ levels; evidence linking the components of the global carbon cycle. This important new book will provide scientists and environmental decision makers with a major source of current information and ideas on a topic that is not only the subject of intense scientific investigation but is also relevant to key societal issues. Separate abstracts are included for 26 chapters for inclusion in the data base.

Energy Sources for Detritivorous Fishes in the Amazon

Abstract: Detritivorous fishes form an important part of the ichthyomass in the Amazon basin. Most of these fishes are contained in the orders Characiformes and Siluriformes (catfishes). The Characiformes constitute more than 30% of the total fish yield in the Amazon basin, whereas the catfishes are of minor importance. Stable isotope data indicate that Characiformes species receive most of their carbon through food chains originating with phytoplankton, while the Siluriformes receive a significant part of their energy from other plant sources.

Relation between biomass and body weight of plankton in a steady state oceanic ecosystem1

Abstract: In the size range from lO-4 to 10’ pg (carbon) body weight, the biomass of plankton in the euphotic layer of the North Pacific Central Gyre decreases as an allometric function of body weight. Even in a steady state ecosystem such as that analyzed here, there is variability in space and time; this suggests that one must be careful in extrapolating the relation to less predictable marine areas. In obtaining dynamic information from biomass spectra, one must distinguish changes due to the flow of energy within the spectrum (growth, predation, reproduction) from changes due to emigration from or immigration into the spectrum of the particular area sampled, such as those due to the diel vertical migration of macrozooplankton in the largest size classes. As a basis for a “particle-size” approach to the description of pelagic ecosystems, it is important to establish whether there is a simple relation between the biomass (material per unit environmental volume or area) of organisms in any size category and the individual body size of those organisms. Although this approach has been applied mainly in aquatic ecology (in part because of the tendency for pelagic predators to swallow their prey whole but to be otherwise rather nonselective), Platt (1985) traced its origin to Elton (1927) and analyzed the reasons for the long hiatus until the 197Os, when this dormant approach began to develop with Odum’s (197 1, fig. 3.6) comparison between aquatic and terrestrial size distributions of biomass.

Native seed preferences of shrub-steppe rodents, birds and ants: the relationships of seed attributes and seed use

Abstract: This study established the preferences of shrubsteppe granivores among seeds of 6 common sagebrushsteppe plants and related the preferences observed to physical and nutritional attributes of the seeds. Seeds of big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata), cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum), Indian ricegrass (Oryzopsis hymenoides), western wheatgrass (Pascopyrum smithii), bitterbrush (Purshia tridentata) and green needlegrass (Stipa viridula) were placed in groups of petri dishes designed such that seed removal could be ascribed to either diurnal vertebrates, nocturnal vertebrates or ants. Though absolute quantities of seeds removed varied among the 3 granivore classes, calculations of preference based on weights of each seed species removed by each granivore class indicated that all 3 ranked the seeds similarly. Preference hierarchies of the 3 granivore classes were highly positively correlated with both calories per seed and % soluble carbohydrate of the seeds. The first correlation supports a basic prediction of optimal foraging theory —that foragers should maximize energy intake per unit time spent foraging. Both correlations emphasize the role of seed nutritional qualities in granivore seed selectivity in that soluble carbohydrate is a water-efficient energy source and its percentage is a good indicator of the digestible energy available in a food item. A corollary experiment comparing granivore use of an exotic seed (millet [Panicum miliaceum]) and a preferred native seed (Oryzopsis) demonstrated a distinct preference for the exotic. Since millet seeds are particularly high in % soluble carbohydrate, this result reinforced the apparent value of this nutritional attribute as a predictor of granivore seed preference. Among many seed resource characteristics upon which granivore seed selectivity might operate, our results indicate that individual species' nutritional composition may be particularly important. Thus, inferences about seed selectivity and resource partitioning among arid-land granivores should be interpreted with caution, especially those based on experiments using seed introductions, since the influence of seed nutritional attributes has not been widely acknowledged heretofore.

Acetate Synthesis from H(2) plus CO(2) by Termite Gut Microbes.

Abstract: Gut microbiota from Reticulitermes flavipes termites catalyzed an H2-dependent total synthesis of acetate from CO2. Rates of H2-CO2 acetogenesis in vitro were 1.11 ± 0.37 μmol of acetate g (fresh weight)−1 h−1 (equivalent to 4.44 ± 1.47 nmol termite−1 h−1) and could account for approximately 1/3 of all the acetate produced during the hindgut fermentation. Formate was also produced from H2 + CO2, as were small amounts of propionate, butyrate, and lactate-succinate. However, H2-CO2 formicogenesis seemed largely unrelated to acetogenesis and was believed not to be a significant reaction in situ. Little or no CH4 was formed from H2 + CO2 or from acetate. H2-CO2 acetogenesis was inhibited by O2, KCN, CHCl3, and iodopropane and could be abolished by prefeeding R. flavipes with antibacterial drugs. By contrast, prefeeding R. flavipes with starch resulted in almost complete defaunation but had little effect on H2-CO2 acetogenesis, suggesting that bacteria were the acetogenic agents in the gut. H2-CO2 acetogenesis was also observed with gut microbiota from Prorhinotermes simplex, Zootermopsis angusticollis, Nasutitermes costalis, and N. nigriceps; from the wood-eating cockroach Cryptocercus punctulatus; and from the American cockroach Periplaneta americana. Pure cultures of H2-CO2-acetogenic bacteria were isolated from N. nigriceps, and a preliminary account of their morphological and physiological properties is presented. Results indicate that in termites, CO2 reduction to acetate, rather than to CH4, represents the main electron sink reaction of the hindgut fermentation and can provide the insects with a significant fraction (ca. 1/3) of their principal oxidizable energy source, acetate.

Effects of high tissue concentrations of selenium on reproduction by bluegills

Abstract: Recent studies have associated high body concentrations of selenium with declines in fish populations inhabiting cooling reservoirs of coal-fired electric power plants. Because some evidence indicated that these declines resulted from reduced reproduction, we made a series of 18 artificial crosses of bluegills Lepomis macrochirus possessing high and low body concentrations of Se to determine whether elevated Se in parents reduced viability of gametes or increased mortality of embryos and larvae. Bluegills with high body concentrations of Se were obtained from Hyco Reservoir (cooling water source of a coal-fired power plant) and those with low body concentrations were obtained from nearby Roxboro City Lake, North Carolina. Neither percent fertilization nor percent hatch of eggs differed significantly among the parent combinations. However, all crosses (8) that included females with high Se body concentrations resulted in larvae with edema; such larvae did not survive to the swim-up stage. Only one...

Ultraviolet spectrometer observations of Uranus

Abstract: Data from solar and stellar occultations of Uranus indicate a temperature of about 750 kelvins in the upper levels of the atmosphere (composed mostly of atomic and molecular hydrogen) and define the distributions of methane and acetylene in the lower levels. The ultraviolet spectrum of the sunlit hemisphere is dominated by emissions from atomic and molecular hydrogen, which are kmown as electroglow emissions. The energy source for these emissions is unknown, but the spectrum implies excitation by low-energy electrons (modeled with a 3-electron-volt Maxwellian energy distribution). The major energy sink for the electrons is dissociation of molecular hydrogen, producing hydrogen atoms at a rate of 10 29 per second. Approximately half the atoms have energies higher than the escape energy. The high temperature of the atmosphere, the small size of Uranus, and the number density of hydrogen atoms in the thermosphere imply an extensive thermal hydrogen corona that reduces the orbital lifetime of ring particles and biases the size distribution toward larger particles. This corona is augmented by the nonthermal hydrogen atoms associated with the electroglow. An aurora near the magnetic pole in the dark hemisphere arises from excitation of molecular hydrogen at the level where its vertical column abundance is about 10 20 per square centimeter with input power comparable to that of the sunlit electroglow (approximately 2x10 11 watts). An initial estimate of the acetylene volume mixing ratio, as judged from measurements of the far ultraviolet albedo, is about 2 x 10 -7 at a vertical column abundance of molecular hydrogen of 10 23 per square centimeter (pressure, approximately 0.3 millibar). Carbon emissions from the Uranian atmosphere were also detected.

Strong hydromagnetic turbulence associated with Comet Giacobini-Zinner

Abstract: The turbulence surrounding Comet Giacobini-Zinner reached intensities three orders of magnitudes above that of 'intermediate' solar wind conditions, was characterized by Delta B/B0 almost equal to one, and extended to cometocentric distances beyond one-million km. The strong spectral peak at 0.01 Hz and the general intensity profile of the turbulence are in excellent agreement with generation by plasma instabilities associated with the pickup of H2O(+) group ions. The total energy of the magnetic turbulence near 0.01 Hz is estimated to be 5 x 10 to the 15th joules and that of ion energization due to solar wind pickup 6 x 10 to the 13th watts. It thus takes a minimum of 100 s to build up the magnetic turbulence. This scale is approximately the linear growth rate of the ion pickup instability, giving a consistent picture of the energy source of the turbulence.

Degradation of 1,4-dichlorobenzene by Alcaligenes sp. strain A175.

Abstract: An organism, identified as an Alcaligenes sp., was isolated from an enrichment culture in which 1,4-dichlorobenzene served as the sole carbon and energy source. During growth with 1,4-dichlorobenzene in pure culture, stoichiometric amounts of chloride were released. Growth experiments and oxygen uptake rates with other chlorinated aromatic compounds revealed a high degree of specificity of the initial dioxygenase. cis-1,2-Dihydroxycyclohexa-3,5-diene oxidoreductase and 1,2-pyrocatechase, but not 2,3-pyrocatechase, were found in cell extracts, while 3,6-dichlorocatechol and (2,5-dichloro)muconic acid could be detected as intermediates during degradation of 1,4-dichlorobenzene. It is proposed that dioxygenases are involved in the initial steps of 1,4-dichlorobenzene degradation, while ring opening proceeds via ortho cleavage.

Hydrogen Sulfide Oxidation Is Coupled to Oxidative Phosphorylation in Mitochondria of Solemya reidi

Abstract: Solemya reidi, a gutless clam found in sulfide-rich habitats, contains within its gills bacterial symbionts thought to oxidize sulfur compounds and provide a reduced carbon food source to the clam. However, the initial step or steps in sulfide oxidation occur in the animal tissue, and mitochondria isolated from both gill and symbiont-free foot tissue of the clam coupled the oxidation of sulfide to oxidative phosphorylation [adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis]. The ability of Solmya reidi to exploit directly the energy in sulfide for ATP synthesis is unprecedented, and suggests that sulfide-habitat animals that lack bacterial symbionts may also use sulfide as an inorganic energy source.

Strain‐energy effects on dynamic fragmentation

Abstract: Grady’s model of the dynamic fragmentation process, in which the average fragment size is determined by balancing the local kinetic energy and the surface energy, is modified to include the stored elastic (strain) energy. The revised model predicts that the strain energy should dominate for brittle materials, with low fracture toughness and high fracture‐initiation stress. This conclusion is not borne out, however, by limited experimental data on brittle steels, even when the kinetic‐energy density is small compared with the strain‐energy density.

Eubacterium oxidoreducens sp. nov. requiring H2 or formate to degrade gallate, pyrogallol, phloroglucinol and quercetin

Abstract: Based on most probable number (MPN) estimates of rumen fluid from a hay-fed steer, 10 mM gallate was decarboxylated by 9.3×106 bacteria per ml. It was decarboxylated and reductively dehydroxylated by 9.3×105 bacteria per ml and was further catabolized to non-aromatic products by 4.3×103 bacteria per ml. Resorcinol was not further degraded and, with 0.1 ml of inoculum, catechol was not degraded. Strain G41 was isolated from a pyrogallolmedium roll tube inoculated with 1 μl of rumen fluid and, with slight modifications of the generic description, was named Eubacterium oxidoreducens sp. nov. It was an anaerobic, nonmotile, curved, Gram-positive, small rod with rounded ends and required H2 or formate to degrade gallate, pyrogallol, phloroglucinol or quercetin to acetate and butyrate and, in the case of quercetin, to 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetate. Crotonate was catabolized to acetate and butyrate and no electron donor was required. No other compounds were degraded with or without an electron donor or with Desulfovibrio sp. plus sulfate as a possible electron acceptor system. E. oxidoreducens grew well in a chemically-defined culture medium containing usable energy source, minerals, B-vitamins, cysteine and CO2−HCO - 3 -buffer, pH 7.2.

Effect of nutrient deprivation on lipid, carbohydrate, DNA, RNA, and protein levels in Vibrio cholerae

Abstract: The response of Vibrio cholerae to low nutrient levels was determined by measuring the concentrations of lipids, carbohydrates, DNA, RNA, and proteins over a 30-day starvation period. Ultrastructural integrity was observed by transmission electron microscopy. Total lipids and carbohydrates declined rapidly within the first 7 days, while DNA and protein exhibited a more constant decline over the 30 days of starvation. In contrast, RNA showed little decrease upon starvation. Although neutral lipids were lost, the percentage of neutral lipids did not decline as rapidly as the phospholipids. Detectable levels of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate disappeared completely by 7 days. Carbohydrate profiles revealed the relative loss of the five-carbon sugar ribose and N-acetylglucosamine and a relative increase in the total six-carbon sugars, especially glucose. Morphologically, ribosomes appeared to exhibit no structural change, while inclusion bodies and mesosomelike structures disappeared completely, and cell wall and membrane integrity was lost. The data suggest that V. cholerae differs somewhat from other marine vibrios in its response to low nutrients but shares some characteristics in common with them. The data also suggest that certain lipids and carbohydrates may provide the endogenous energy sources needed for dormancy preparation and cell maintenance under nutrient starvation. Images

Microbial degradation of 1,3-dichlorobenzene.

Abstract: A gram-negative, peritrichously flagellated rod, tentatively identified as an Alcaligenes sp., was isolated from a mixture of soil and water samples by using 1,3-dichlorobenzene as the sole carbon and energy source. During growth on 1,3-dichlorobenzene, almost stoichiometric amounts of chloride were released. Simultaneous adaptation studies, as well as enzyme studies, indicated that 1,3-dichlorobenzene was metabolized via 3,5-dichloro-cis-1,2-dihydroxycyclohexa-3,5-diene to 3,5-dichlorocatechol. Subsequently, the latter product was cleaved, yielding 2,4-dichloromuconate. No initial hydrolytic step yielding 3-chlorophenol was detected in this species.

Comparison of the effects of pre-exercise feeding of glucose, glycerol and placebo on endurance and fuel homeostasis in man.

Abstract: Six men were studied during exercise to exhaustion on a cycle ergometer at 73% of $$\dot V_{O_{2max} } $$ following ingestion of glycerol, glucose or placebo. Five of the subjects exercised for longer on the glucose trial compared to the placebo trial (p<0.1; 108.8 vs 95.9 min). Exercise time to exhaustion on the glucose trial was longer (p<0.01) than on the glycerol trial (86.0 min). No difference in performance was found between the glycerol and placebo trials. The ingestion of glucose (lg · kg−1 body weight) 45 min before exercise produced a 50% rise in blood glucose and a 3-fold rise in plasma insulin at zero min of exercise. Total carbohydrate oxidation was increased by 26% compared to placebo and none of the subjects exhibited a fall in blood glucose below 4 mmol · l−1 during the exercise. The ingestion of glycerol (lg · kg−1 body weight) 45 min before exercise produced a 340-fold increase in blood glycerol concentration at zero min of exercise, but did not affect resting blood glucose or plasma insulin levels; blood glucose levels were up to 14% higher (p<0.05) in the later stages of exercise and at exhaustion compared to the placebo or glucose trials. Both glycerol and glucose feedings lowered the magnitude of the rise in plasma FFA during exercise compared to placebo. Levels of blood lactate and alanine during exercise were not different on the 3 dietary treatments. These data contrast with previous reports that have indicated glucose feeding pre-exercise produces hypoglycaemia during strenuous submaximal exercise and reduces endurance performance. It appears that man cannot use glycerol as a gluconeogenic substrate rapidly enough to serve as a major energy source during this type of exercise.

Molecular gas in high-luminosity IRAS galaxies

Abstract: The paper reports observations of CO(J = 1-0) emission from an unbiased sample of the highest-luminosity IRAS galaxies with the aim of measuring their molecular gas content and determining whether star formation is a viable energy source for these high luminosities. All of the observed galaxies are rich in molecular gas with H2 masses in the range (4 x 10 to the 9th)-(4 x 10 to the 10th) solar masses. Their primary luminosity source appears to be star formation in molecular clouds. The majority, if not all, of the most luminous IRAS galaxies (L-FIR greater than 10 to the 11th solar luminosities) appear to be strongly interacting systems; those with the highest L-FIR/M(H2) ratios are mergers or close contact pairs.

Metal‐silicate fractionation in the growing Earth: Energy source for the terrestrial magma ocean

Abstract: Based on the homogeneous accretion model of planets, thermal evolution of the growing earth has been studied. After the surface of the growing earth starts melting owing to the blanketing effect of the primordial atmosphere, gravitational differentiation between metallic and silicate materials takes place in its upper region: the differentiation would give rise to a large amount of gravitational energy release as well as layered structure inside the proto-earth. A part of released energy would be transported outward by convection. Considering the effects of gravitational fractionation and convection, we have pursued numerically the evolution of the growing earth. Our results show that gravitational differentiation can supply energy large enough to keep the whole silicate layer in the molten state and that half of the released energy is conveyed outward by convective heat transport. In the growing stage, the temperature distribution in the silicate layer always lies between liquidus and solidus temperatures except in an uppermost thin zone. The thermal structure obtained favors a notion of the primordial magma ocean and of chemical differentiation of mantle. The structure of the growing earth which is composed of the central protocore, the metallic layer, and the silicate layer (magma ocean) would become gravitationally unstable and overturn to form a metallic core. Energy released by this overturn would not affect the structure of the upper magma ocean too much. But undifferentiated primordial materials which come from the protocore would add to mantle materials through the overturn and this would help explain the isotopic mantle heterogeneity presently observed.

Device for the intermittent pulsatory application of liquid pharmaceuticals

Abstract: A device for the intermediate pulsatory application of liquid pharmaceuticals or medicine is provided which has a changeable storage container for the pharmaceutical connected to one end of a flexible tube; on the other end of the tube are a catheter, a rolling pump which works on the tube, a drive motor for the rolling pump, and a timer for delivery impulse and pause time of the rolling pump. To control the operation of the drive motor, there is a microcomputer with program storage. The microcomputer is programmable by means of a keyboard. Proper program operation is always guaranteed, including when interruptions in the drive appear necessary, for example, to renew the battery serving as the energy source.

Syntrophococcus sucromutans sp.nov.gen.nov. uses carbohydrates as electron donors and formate, methoxymonobenzenoids or Methanobrevibacter as electron acceptor systems

Abstract: Most probable number (MPN) estimates indicated that a mean of 4.3×107 and 5×106 bacteria per ml of rumen fluid from a predominantly alfalfa hay-fed steer demethoxylated ferulate and syringate, respectively. After further enrichment from an MPN tube of the highest dilution showing demethoxylation of syringate, strain S195 was isolated using roll tubes with syringate as an added energy source. S195 was an anaerobic, Gram-negative, nonmotile coccus, 1 to 1.3 μm in diameter, and was unique in using various carbohydrates as electron donor with acetate as the sole organic product. One of the following electron acceptor systems allowed growth (organic products in parentheses): Methanobrevibacter simithii (CH4), formate (acetate), 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate and syringate (acetate and gallate), vanillate (acetate and protocatechuate), vanillin (acetate, protocatechuic aldehyde and protocatechuate), ferulate (acetate, caffeate and hydrocaffeate), caffeate (hydrocaffeate). Strain S195 required 30% (v/v) rumen fluid in the medium for good growth. S195 was placed in a new genus and species, Syntrophococcus sucromutans, of the family Veillonellaceae.