Showing papers on "Extremely high frequency published in 2005"
TL;DR: The characteristics of millimeter wave propagation, including free space propagation and the effects of various physical factors on propagation, are reviewed in this article, where the authors show that these characteristics are not necessarily disadvantageous and that they can permit more densely packed communications links, thus providing very efficient spectrum utilization, and they can increase security of communication transmissions.
Abstract: The millimeter wave spectrum at 30-300 GHz is of increasing interest to service providers and systems designers because of the wide bandwidths available for carrying communications at this frequency range Such wide bandwidths are valuable in supporting applications such as high speed data transmission and video distribution Planning for millimeter wave spectrum use must take into account the propagation characteristics of radio signals at this frequency range While signals at lower frequency bands can propagate for many miles and penetrate more easily through buildings, millimeter wave signals can travel only a few miles or less and do not penetrate solid materials very well However, these characteristics of millimeter wave propagation are not necessarily disadvantageous Millimeter waves can permit more densely packed communications links, thus providing very efficient spectrum utilization, and they can increase security of communication transmissions This article reviews characteristics of millimeter wave propagation, including free space propagation and the effects of various physical factors on propagation
400 citations
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that the phenomenon of extraordinary transmission through arrays of subwavelength holes, present in the optical regime, is also present in millimeter wave range.
Abstract: In this paper, we show that the phenomenon of extraordinary transmission through arrays of subwavelength holes, present in the optical regime, is also present in the millimeter wave range. After presentation of the theoretical foundations of the enhanced transmission, measurements of the transmission response have been performed on different samples by using a millimeter wave quasioptical vector network analyzer in the range between 45 and 110 GHz. The prototypes have been fabricated in Aluminum plates with several thickness and different hole diameters drilled by using a laser machine. Good agreement between theory and experiment is obtained, with clear signals of the existence of resonant transmission at wavelengths close to the period of the array. Possible applications in frequency selective surfaces and near-field imaging are envisaged.
95 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the phase-noise characteristics of the radio-frequency carriers of a supercontinuum generator were qualitatively evaluated for the first time, and the results showed that the generator was promising as a multi-wavelength light source for wavelength-division-multiplexed millimeter-wave-band radio-on-fiber systems.
Abstract: We qualitatively evaluate for the first time phase-noise characteristics of radio-frequency carriers of a supercontinuum generator and prove to be promising as the multiwavelength light source for wavelength-division-multiplexed millimeter-wave-band radio-on-fiber systems.
68 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a novel all-optical technique for microwave/millimeter-wave generation using two-frequency fiber Bragg grating (FBG)-based Brillouin fiber laser is presented.
Abstract: A novel all-optical technique for microwave/millimeter-wave generation using two-frequency fiber Bragg grating (FBG)-based Brillouin fiber laser is presented. The mechanism for the microwave and millimeter-wave generation is theoretically analyzed. An approximately 33-GHz millimeter wave can be achieved through mixing the pump wave with the third Stokes' wave. In the experiment, an 11-GHz microwave signal is attained. The microwave frequency can be tuned by varying temperature of the fiber Fabry-Pe/spl acute/rot cavity of the Brillouin fiber laser. A more than 100-MHz tuning range around a frequency of 11 GHz is experimentally achieved.
65 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a multilayer freestanding slot array is designed to give an insertion loss which is significantly lower than the value obtainable from a conventional dielectric backed printed frequency selective surface (FSS).
Abstract: In this paper, we show that a multilayer freestanding slot array can be designed to give an insertion loss which is significantly lower than the value obtainable from a conventional dielectric backed printed frequency selective surface (FSS). This increase in filter efficiency is highlighted by comparing the performance of two structures designed to provide frequency selective beamsplitting in the quasioptical feed train of a submillimeter wave space borne radiometer. A two layer substrateless FSS providing more than 20 dB of isolation between the bands 316.5-325.5 GHz and 349.5-358.5 GHz, gives an insertion loss of 0.6 dB when the filter is orientated at 45/spl deg/ incidence in the TM plane, whereas the loss exhibited by a conventional printed FSS is in excess of 2 dB. A similar frequency response can be obtained in the TE plane, but here a triple screen structure is required and the conductor loss is shown to be comparable to the absorption loss of a dielectric backed FSS. Experimental devices have been fabricated using a precision micromachining technique. Transmission measurements performed in the range 250-360 GHz are in good agreement with the simulated spectral performance of the individual periodic screens and the two multilayer freestanding FSS structures.
62 citations
Patent•
12 Apr 2005
TL;DR: In this paper, an imaging millimeter wave radar system is described, which includes a millimeter-wave transmitter transmitting a frequency scanned millimeter beam that is narrow in the scanning direction and wide in a direction perpendicular to the scanned direction, and a Rotman type lens for forming a one-dimensional image in the perpendicular direction of targets in the antennas field of view.
Abstract: An imaging millimeter wave radar system. The system includes a millimeter wave transmitter transmitting a frequency scanned millimeter beam that is narrow in the scanned direction and wide in a direction perpendicular to the scanned direction. The system includes a receive antenna and a Rotman type lens for forming a one-dimensional image in the perpendicular direction of targets in the antennas field of view based on millimeter wave radiation reflected from the targets. A computer creates a two dimensional image based on the scanning direction of the transmit beam of the transmit antenna and the one dimensional image from the receive antenna. Distance to the target is determined based on difference in frequency of the transmit signal and the receive signal. Thus, a three dimensional view of the systems field of view is determined by the system. This view can be displayed on a monitor using color to represent target distance. In a preferred embodiment the scanned direction is the vertical direction and the receive antenna forms a horizontal image from signals reflected from targets in the field of view. In this preferred embodiment the transmit antenna is a variable frequency millimeter wave single channel wave guide antenna operating in the 78 GHz to 81 Ghz spectral range to produce a scanning range of 10 degrees and a scanning rate of 60 Hz. The receive antenna is a multi-channel (176 channels) strip-line antenna also operating in the 78 GHz to 81 GHz spectral range, which with the Rotman lens, provides 192 horizontal pixel resolution.
57 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors demonstrated the phenomenon of extraordinary transmission through arrays of subwavelength holes in the microwave range and showed that the magnitude of the transmission is strongly dependent on the number of holes in a sample.
Abstract: In this letter, the phenomenon of extraordinary transmission through arrays of subwavelength holes in the microwave range is demonstrated. It is also shown that the magnitude of the transmission is strongly dependent on the number of holes in the sample. Prototypes have been designed and fabricated in an Al plate. The transmission response is measured with a millimeter wave quasi-optical vector network analyzer in the range between 40 and 70GHz. These measurements show a resonant total transmission at wavelengths close to the period of the array which depends strongly on the number of resonant holes. These results can give rise to interesting applications such as frequency selective surfaces and other quasi-optical structures.
46 citations
13 Oct 2005
TL;DR: In this article, a dual rotary stage scattering system with active illumination and a Fourier Transform spectrometer was developed for concealed weapon identification. Butterworth et al. developed a system based on a 12-inch diameter raster-scanned mirror.
Abstract: We have developed several millimeter/submillimeter/terahertz systems to study active and passive imaging and associated phenomenology. Fo r measuring the transmission and scattering pr operties of materials, we have developed a dual rotary stage scattering system with active illumination an d a Fourier Transform spectrometer. For imaging studies, we have developed a system based on a 12-inch diameter raster-scanned mirror. By interchange of active sources and both heterodyne and bolometric detectors, this system can be used in a variety of active and passive configurations. The laboratory measurements are used as inputs for, and model calibration and validation of, a terahertz imaging system performance model used to evaluate different imaging modalities for concealed weapon identification. In this paper, we will present examples of transmission and scattering meas urements for common clothing as well as active imaging results that used a 640 GHz source and receiver. Keywords: terahertz, imaging, active, passive, millimeter-wav e, submillimeter-wave, transmi ssion, reflection, scattering
44 citations
17 Jan 2005
TL;DR: In this article, phototransistors based on InP high electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs) are investigated for millimeter-wave radio-on-fiber system applications.
Abstract: Phototransistors based on InP high electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs) are investigated for millimeter-wave radio-on-fiber system applications. By clarifying the photodetection mechanism in InP HEMTs, the phototransistor internal gain is determined. We present their use as millimeter-wave harmonic optoelectronic mixers and characterize them at the 60-GHz band. In order to evaluate the InP HEMT optoelectronic mixer performance, internal conversion gain is introduced and a maximum of 17 dB is obtained for 60-GHz harmonic optoelectronic up-conversion. Utilizing them, we construct a 60-GHz radio-on-fiber system and demonstrate 622-Mb/s data transmission over 30-km single-mode fiber and 3-m free space at 60-GHz band.
44 citations
Patent•
11 Aug 2005
TL;DR: In this paper, a millimeter range mixer having a first immediate frequency port, a second reference port, and an intermediate frequency radio signal received by a local oscillator source provides a reference signal to the reference port of the mixer.
Abstract: A radio communication device is disclosed. A millimeter range mixer having a first immediate frequency port, a second reference port, and a millimeter wave port receives an intermediate frequency radio signal. A local oscillator source provides a reference signal to the reference port of the mixer, and using a millimeter wave filter coupled to the millimeter wave port of the mixer, the intermediate frequency radio signal is converted to a millimeter wave frequency signal.
42 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors demonstrate 60 GHz band bidirectional radio-on-fiber (RoF) links based on InP-InGaAs heterojunction phototransistor (HPT) optoelectronic mixers.
Abstract: We demonstrate 60-GHz band bidirectional radio-on-fiber (RoF) links based on InP-InGaAs heterojunction phototransistor (HPT) optoelectronic mixers. They employ remote up/down conversion scheme with optical local oscillator signals distributed from the central office and intermediate frequency (IF) fiber transmission for both up- and down-links. Since frequency up/down conversions and photodetection are carried out by a single HPT optoelectronic mixer, base station architecture is greatly simplified. In order to validate its feasibility, both up- and down-link RoF transmissions of 16 quadrature amplitude modulator data are successfully demonstrated at 60-GHz band using 1.25-GHz IF for down-link and 2.0-GHz IF for up-link.
12 Jun 2005
TL;DR: In this article, a low-cost, compact, subharmonic self-oscillating mixer integrated with antenna is presented and demonstrated at 30GHz, which makes use of substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) cavity as a resonator in the feedback loop to stabilize the fundamental oscillating frequency.
Abstract: A low-cost, compact, subharmonic self-oscillating mixer integrated with antenna is presented and demonstrated at 30GHz. This novel configuration makes use of substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) cavity as a resonator in the feedback loop to stabilize the fundamental oscillating frequency. This allows the possibility of building a complete planar receiver, with improved phase noise, as an integrated front-end for millimeter wave systems such as radar and wireless sensor network. It is also an attractive structure for MMIC design. A convenient method free from FET amplifier design is proposed in the work for this kind of self-oscillating mixer, which can also be applied in SIW oscillator design. The circuit, implemented as a down-converter, exhibits an average conversion loss of 8.6dB, and an IF phase noise of -86dBc/Hz at 100-kHz offset. The effects of DC variation on the oscillating frequency and the output P/sub 1dB/ gain compression are measured and demonstrated.
12 Jun 2005
TL;DR: In this paper, a broadband microstrip-to-waveguide transition is developed in the millimeter-wave band, where novel geometrical features are applied in the printed pattern on the substrate, the proposed transition operates over a quite broad frequency bandwidth due to its double resonance.
Abstract: A broadband microstrip-to-waveguide transition is developed in the millimeter-wave band. Since novel geometrical features are applied in the printed pattern on the substrate, the proposed transition operates over a quite broad frequency bandwidth due to its double resonance. The two resonant frequencies can be controlled independently according to dimensions of the structure for required bandwidth and reflection level. Two versions of transition are designed and reliability is confirmed by measurements in the millimeter-wave band. The design frequency is 76.5 GHz. The bandwidth 12.9 GHz (16.8 %) is obtained for reflection level lower than -30 dB. In the other design for broadband, the bandwidth for reflection level lower than -20 dB results in 24.9 GHz (32.5%).
03 Apr 2005
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe and illustrate recent wideband, dual-polarized and phased-array developments of the CTS array applied to fixed and mobile terrestrial and satellite-based broadband access applications at both microwave and millimeter-wave frequencies.
Abstract: The continuous transverse stub (CTS) array represents a unique class of array antenna that exploits the low-loss, low-dispersion, dimensional robustness, and design flexibility of an open parallel-plate structure as both its transmission-line and radiator basis. Relative advantages of this array type include unusually high aperture efficiencies; precision sidelobe control; benign active impedance dependence on both frequency and scan angle; and inherently low cost This paper describes and illustrate recent wideband, dual-polarized and phased-array developments of the CTS array applied to fixed and mobile terrestrial- and satellite-based broadband access applications at both microwave and millimeter-wave frequencies.
Patent•
17 Jun 2005TL;DR: In this article, a millimeter wave generator, a TE10 mode rectangular waveguide, and a plane parallel plate were used to measure the power reflection coefficient of the millimeter waves incident to and reflected from the dielectric object under test.
Abstract: A device and method for the non-invasive measurement of blood glucose concentrations by millimeter waves. The device includes a millimeter wave generator; a TE10 mode rectangular waveguide transmitting a millimeter wave generated by the millimeter wave generator; and a plane parallel plate chosen to yield a minimal point of the power reflection coefficient of the millimeter wave incident to and reflected from the dielectric object under test via the TE10 mode rectangular waveguide and the plane parallel plate. The device also includes power detectors detecting the powers of the incident wave generated by the millimeter wave generator and the reflected wave from the dielectric object via the plane parallel plate; a temperature sensor measuring a temperature of the dielectric object; and a reader reading the minimum power reflection coefficient and a corresponding frequency from the incident and reflected wave detected by the power detectors.
IBM1
TL;DR: In this paper, a measurement concept based on a two-port vector network analyzer has been developed, which enables pure-mode on-wafer measurements of differential circuits in the millimeter-wave frequency range.
Abstract: A measurement concept based on a two-port vector network analyzer has been developed, which enables pure-mode on-wafer measurements of differential circuits in the millimeter-wave frequency range. An error model for the measurement system is derived as required for future calibration algorithms. Based on WR15 waveguide components, together with 1.85-mm coaxial probes, a setup has been built and its amplitude and phase imbalances have been characterized in the frequency range from 50 to 65 GHz.
TL;DR: In this paper, a two-section gain-coupled distributed feedback laser was used for direct data modulation at an MMW carrier frequency of 25 GHz, enabled by on-chip optical injection locking.
Abstract: Transmission of 155-Mb/s binary phase-shift-keying-modulated microwave/millimeter-wave (MMW) signal on an optical carrier over up to 80 km of standard single-mode fiber has been demonstrated experimentally using direct modulation of a two-section gain-coupled distributed feedback laser. Direct data modulation at an MMW carrier frequency of 25 GHz was enabled by on-chip optical injection locking.
TL;DR: In this article, two designs for antenna-coupled Ni-NiO-Ni diodes are fabricated and tested for dual-band detection in the millimeter-wave (MMW), 94-GHz, and infrared (IR), 28.3-THz, frequencies.
Abstract: Two designs for antenna-coupled Ni-NiO-Ni diodes are fabricated and tested for dual-band detection in the millimeter-wave (MMW), 94-GHz, and infrared (IR), 28.3-THz, frequencies. The detector noise, antenna receiving properties, and noise equivalent power (NEP) are measured. The simultaneous dual-band response is verified.
TL;DR: In this paper, a novel quadrature photonic vector modulator architecture is proposed, where no electrical devices apart from the electrical tone oscillator are needed in the generation process and therefore, high data rates at high electrical frequencies can be obtained.
Abstract: In this letter, a novel quadrature photonic vector modulator architecture is proposed. An electrical quadrature-modulated signal at microwave/millimeter-wave frequencies is generated from its corresponding base-band in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) components. In the proposed scheme, no electrical devices apart from the electrical tone oscillator are needed in the generation process and, therefore, high data rates at high electrical frequencies can be obtained. In addition, the hardware requirements are reduced when compared to previously proposed architectures so a highly compact low-cost architecture can be implemented. Experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of the architecture.
16 May 2005
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a systematic study of complex dielectric permittivity of various semiconductor and materials, including highly absorbing substances, in Q-, V-and W-band frequencies using broadband quasi-optical millimeter wave spectrometer with a backward-wave oscillator.
Abstract: In this paper we present a systematic study of complex dielectric permittivity of various semiconductor and dielectric materials, including highly absorbing substances, in Q-, V- and W-band frequencies. The measurements have been done using broadband quasi-optical millimeter wave spectrometer with a backward-wave oscillator (BWO) as a non-destructive high power tunable source of coherent radiation. Values of real and imaginary parts of dielectric permittivity of materials are calculated from the transmittance spectra. Refractive index data, obtained using both unbalanced waveguide bridge technique and free space measurements have been compared with previously published results. Millimeter wave and terahertz imaging and spectroscopy with high power BWO tubes as sources of coherent radiation for security applications have been briefly discussed
18 May 2005
TL;DR: The phase-correcting Fresnel zone plate provides lens-like focusing and imaging of electromagnetic waves by means of diffraction instead of refraction, often referred to as diffraction optics.
Abstract: The phase-correcting Fresnel zone plate provides lens-like focusing and imaging of electromagnetic waves by means of diffraction instead of refraction, often referred to as diffraction optics The zone plate has seen extensive investigation and use at microwave and millimeter-wave frequencies, and recently has been applied in the terahertz region These cases have dealt principally with large-angle designs, where the focal length (F) and diameter (D) are comparable (F/D = 03 to 25), unlike the typical optical examples The planar zone plate, in particular, offers the advantages of simplicity of design and construction, low loss, low weight, and low cost, while giving performance similar to that of a refractive lens As one goes to terahertz frequencies, ease of construction becomes more difficult The attenuation in conventional low-loss materials increases at higher frequencies, and dimensional tolerances become smaller, making fabrication more difficult Although earlier designs employing polystyrene have been built and tested at frequencies up to 280 GHz, higher frequency designs are simpler to fabricate and have lower loss if low dielectric constant materials are used This investigation addressed designs for terahertz frequencies The optimization of the zone plate has also been examined, and improvement has been found for radial compression, where the radii of the zone boundaries are slightly shortened
12 Jun 2005
TL;DR: In this paper, a set of MMIC frequency multipliers and balanced mixers have been designed for the local oscillator system of the Atacama large millimeter array (ALMA).
Abstract: A set of MMIC frequency multipliers and balanced mixers have been designed for the local oscillator system of the Atacama large millimeter array (ALMA). These millimeter-wave elements form a critical link in the active multiplier chains between the relatively low frequency microwave oscillators and the very high frequency submillimeter-wave, cooled multipliers of the LO subsystem. A complete chipset for four frequency bands is described, along with preliminary results on prototypes for two additional bands.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The recent development and testing of a terahertz LO source that meets the requirements for generating the required local oscillator power and has been tested to demonstrate excellent spectral purity, frequency and power stability and low noise.
Abstract: A primary challenge in creating the next generation of submillimeter-wave receiver systems for space science is generating the required local oscillator power. Full waveguide band performance and power levels suitable for array receivers are desired. Also, the sources must be suitable for use at remote installations. This means they should be compact, reliable and electronically tunable. This papers presents the recent development and testing of a terahertz LO source that meets these requirements. This source uses GaAs Schottky barrier diodes to frequency multiply the power from a millimeter wave amplifier. The final element in the multiplier chain is a frequency tripler to the WR-0.65 waveguide band, spanning from 1.1 - 1.7 THz. This tripler generates of order ten microwatts of power when pumped with 3mW. The complete x72 active multiplier chain is about six-inches in length and requires only milliwatt power level input. It has been tested to demonstrate excellent spectral purity, frequency and power stability and low noise. The construction of the multiplier chain and the test results are reviewed.
TL;DR: In this article, five different designs for true-time delay (TTD) phase shifters that are based on characteristic impedance of 75, 65 and 50 coplanar waveguide (CPW) distributed microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) transmission line (DMTL), which are loaded with different designs and number of shunt capacitive switches.
Abstract: Distributed techniques have been widely employed as a solution to obtain wide band circuits at microwave and millimeter wave band. This paper presents five different designs for true-time delay (TTD) phase shifters that are based on characteristic impedance of 75, 65 and 50 � coplanar waveguide (CPW) distributed microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) transmission line (DMTL), which are loaded with different designs and number of shunt capacitive switches. The TTD phase shifters are fabricated on a 675m high resistivity silicon (Si) wafer using surface micromachining process. The design operates up to Ku band with a measured return loss below −15 dB and an average loss of 2.3 dB/phase shift of 250 ◦ at 20 GHz. The TTD phase shifters have wide applications for high-performance of microwave and millimeter-wave
TL;DR: In this paper, a novel photonic frequency downshifting technique for millimeter-wave-band radio-over-fiber (RoF) systems is proposed and verified by simulation.
Abstract: A novel photonic frequency down-shifting technique for millimeter-wave-band radio-over-fiber (RoF) systems is proposed and verified by simulation. The frequency shifting is based on subcarrier modulation (SCM). An optical carrier with a subcarrier is injected into the frequency shifter consisting of a Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM) or electroabsorption modulator (EAM) driven by a radio frequency sinusoidal signal. The frequency-shifted optical carrier with a frequency-shifted subcarrier is, thus, generated by SCM modulation.
TL;DR: In this paper, a lightwave modulated by a 44 GHz millimeter wave was obtained from a microwave signal, with a phase noise of -88.5 dBc/Hz at an offset of 10 kHz.
Abstract: We generated low-phase-noise millimeter waves by using a reciprocating optical modulator. A lightwave modulated by a 44-GHz millimeter wave was obtained from a microwave signal, with a phase noise of -88.5 dBc/Hz at an offset of 10 kHz. The intensity of the millimeter waves generated was quite stable, and the linewidth was less than 1 Hz. The noise figure obtained in our reciprocating modulation process was lower than the theoretical limit for conventional frequency multipliers.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors presented the theoretical and experimental results for self-collimation in low-index-contrast photonic crystals (PhCs) in the millimeter-wave (MMW) region of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Abstract: In this paper, we present the theoretical and experimental results for self-collimation in low-index-contrast photonic crystals (PhCs) in the millimeter-wave (MMW) region of the electromagnetic spectrum. The design of the PhCs is based on their equifrequency contours and the two-dimensional finite-difference time-domain simulation results. In the experiments, the MMW PhCs are fabricated in Rexolite slabs by a CNC micro-milling system. A MMW imaging system is built based on a vector network analyzer. The input source is launched either through a waveguide or a monopole, while the field distribution is acquired by scanning a monopole antenna over the surface of the photonic crystal to detect the profile of the evanescent waves. In both cases, we have observed and characterized the self-collimation effect for both the amplitude and phase of the propagating electromagnetic wave in low-index-contrast photonic crystals.
12 Jun 2005
TL;DR: In this paper, the design of passive band-pass filters in thin-film microstrip (TFMS) technology for millimeter-wave application in G-band frequency range is discussed.
Abstract: This paper deals with the design of passive band-pass filters in thin film microstrip (TFMS) technology for millimeter-wave application in G-band frequency range. The filters to be designed are realized on a BCB-based technology. Quality of the design method as well as technological process has already been fully tested in W-band at 94-GHz. Thus, transposition to higher frequency is investigated at 180 GHz. In such a frequency range, designers are faced to technological point locks. So as to overcome them, specific design techniques are discussed for several filter realization.
01 Jan 2005
TL;DR: In this article, the authors considered the generation of MM and sub-wave signals by heterodyning two optical signals in a photo detector and presented design considerations for an efficient traveling wave unitraveling carrier PD.
Abstract: In this paper the generation of MM and sub-wave signals by heterodyning two optical signals in a photo detector is considered. Previous work in this field has shown that this approach is feasible. However, the work demonstrated so far exhibits very low power efficiency (<1%) and low output power level (<1 mw) for frequencies in the MM wave range. In this paper design considerations for an efficient traveling wave unitraveling carrier PD are presented. Simple calculations are presented to estimate the bandwidth, microwave output power and power efficiency of this type of PD. The effect of the physical design parameters on the performance is discussed and design approach for high efficiency is presented. It is also shown that including the electron ballistic effect in the model suggests operation of the PD well into the sub-MM range.
01 Dec 2005
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe a novel and compact WR-02.2 mmWave frequency extension transmission/reflection (T/R) module for use with a vector network analyzer.
Abstract: This paper describes a novel and compact WR-02.2 millimeter wave frequency extension transmission/reflection (T/R) module for use with a vector network analyzer. The WR-02.2 T/R module extends the measurement capabilities of a microwave vector network analyzer to 500 GHz. Full 2-port S-parameter measurements with 40 dB or greater system dynamic range is realized in the 325 to 500 GHz frequency range. The stimulus millimeter wave signal is generated via multipliers with an external microwave synthesizer input. The reference and test response are down-converted to an Intermediate Frequency (IF) via millimeter wave harmonic mixers. The response is shown on the microwave vector network analyzer display.