Showing papers on "Flux published in 1975"
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors show that most material reaching the bottom of the ocean does so rapidly in aggregates, and that most of the particle flux, the product of settling velocity and mass, is in the coarser size classes.
545 citations
TL;DR: Spectroheliograms obtained with the Naval Research Laboratory's Extreme Ultraviolet Spectrograph (S082A) on Skylab are compared with Kitt Peak National Observatory magnetograms as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Spectroheliograms obtained with the Naval Research Laboratory's Extreme Ultraviolet Spectrograph (S082A) on Skylab are compared with Kitt Peak National Observatory magnetograms A principal result is the characteristic reconnection of flux from an emerging bipolar magnetic region to previously existing flux in its vicinity Examples of the disappearance of magnetic flux from the solar atmosphere are also shown The results of a particularly simple, potential field calculation are shown for comparison with the Skylab observations
128 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, four consecutive years of a quasi-continuous survey of the solar Lα line are presented and empirical laws are deduced from this large amount of data giving a relation between these different parameters and the flux integrated over the whole line.
Abstract: Four consecutive years of a quasi-continuous survey of the solar Lα line are presented. Absolute calibration and aging correction are evaluated producing higher quality measurements which are:
Empirical laws are deduced from this large amount of data giving a relation between these different parameters and the flux integrated over the whole line. Furthermore, other empirical laws are obtained between the total Lα flux and two solar activity indices. These relations give a possibility of evaluating the solar Lα flux even when no observation is available and, as previously found by Prinz (1974), show that to a first approximation the solar Lα flux is composed of a quiet and of an active component. The active component changes with the 27 days period; the quiet one with the 11 yr solar cycle.
110 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the transport of energy by turbulence and pressure for a turbulent surface layer over a dry prairie grassland, and found that the divergence of the turbulent energy flux was about equal to minus the buoyancy production.
Abstract: The transport of energy by turbulence and pressure is examined for a turbulent surface layer over a dry prairie grassland. Both terms are found to be significant in the budget of turbulent kinetic energy. The values of the divergences are deduced by considering the variations of the non-dimensionalized terms with respect to z/L. It was found that the divergence of the turbulent kinetic energy flux was about equal to minus the buoyancy production. The main contribution was due to the divergence of the vertical transfer of the vertical component of kinetic energy. The divergence of pressure transfer was found to be of opposite sign and of about equal magnitude to the divergence of turbulent energy flux. The dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy about equalled the local production. The spectral components of the energy budget are briefly examined. It was found that the non-dimensional frequency range with no appreciable production nor dissipation was only about a decade wide whereas the spectral f...
104 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the motion of vacuum arc cathode spots under the influence of the self-generated magnetic field has been investigated for copper electrodes at currents up to 6.9 kA.
Abstract: The motion of vacuum arc cathode spots under the influence of the self-generated magnetic field has been investigated for copper electrodes at currents up to 6.9 kA. The spots were photographed with a high-speed framing camera. The magnetic flux density was measured. Surface contamination caused large changes in spot velocity. For velocities up to 15 ms-1 and corresponding flux densities up to 2*10-2T the velocity is proportional to the flux density. Above 20 ms-1 and 4*10-2T the velocity increases relatively slowly with increasing flux density. Velocities of more than 30 ms-1 were not observed.
99 citations
01 Nov 1975
TL;DR: In this article, Phosphorus flux through fishes is investigated in the context of fishes, and the results show that the flux flux in fishes is positively correlated with the number of fishes.
Abstract: (1975). Phosphorus flux through fishes. SIL Proceedings, 1922-2010: Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 2478-2484.
89 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the change in reflected flux by the earth-atmosphere system in response to increases in the atmospheric aerosol loading for a range of complex indices of refraction, solar elevation angle and ground albedo was analyzed.
Abstract: The paper presents calculations of the change in reflected flux by the earth-atmosphere system in response to increases in the atmospheric aerosol loading for a range of complex indices of refraction, solar elevation angle and ground albedo. Results show that, for small values of ground albedo, the reflected solar flux may either increase or decrease with increasing aerosol loadings, depending upon the complex part of the index of refraction of the aerosols. For high ground albedos, an increase in aerosol levels always results in a decrease of reflected flux (i.e., a warming of the earth-atmosphere system).
88 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors measured the mass, speed and approximate influx direction of the micrometeoroids by measuring the plasma produced during their impact on the sensor, which indicated three categories of the particles: large groups, small groups, and randomly distributed particles.
61 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors analyzed the continuous thickening of a solid-liquid suspension by gravity sedimentation as an initial-boundary value problem of a nonlinear conservation equation and showed that the solids concentration follows a hysterisis path as the applied flux increases and then decreases.
49 citations
TL;DR: It is shown that the effective deposition rate for long distance travel is largely governed by the diffusive resistance of the low turbulence region adjacent to the surface and this is fairly insensitive to details of surface roughness, etc.
47 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that no hydrostatic equilibrium exists if the whole flux tube is twisted more than a modest amount, equivalent to a 45degree pitch over only one scale height.
Abstract: The calculations are concerned with the hydrostatic equilibrium of a magnetic flux tube whose two ends are anchored at some level in a stratified atmosphere. It is shown that no hydrostatic equilibrium exists if the whole flux tube is twisted more than a modest amount, equivalent to a 45degree pitch over only one scale height. When the total twisting exceeds this small amount, the tube is subject to negative tension (compression) and buckles, spirals, and/or lengthens into a contorted form which causes rapid dissipation and reconnection of the magnetic field. The rapid dissipation continues until the excess azimuthal field is consumed and equilibrium is again possible. It is suggested that the magnetic flux tubes in the Sun generally have more than the allowed twisting, so that, when they rise up through the surface, as a consequence of their buoyancy, they are subject to rapid dissipation, causing the phenomenon observed as the X-ray bright spot. (AIP)
TL;DR: In this paper, the heliocentric radial distribution of the flux of hyperbolic cosmic dust particles, as measured by the Pioneer 8 and 9 spacecraft, is closely related to the radial variation of the spatial density of source or parent meteoroids.
TL;DR: In this article, the steady-state photoelectron energy and angular distribution in the altitude region between 120 and 1000 km is calculated. But the authors do not consider the effect of the altitude on the photo-electron lifetime.
TL;DR: In this paper, the influence of X-ray heating on gas flows in binary Xray systems is examined and a simple estimate is obtained for the evaporative wind flux from a stellar atmosphere due to Xray heating which agrees with numerical calculations by Alme and Wilson (1974), but disagrees with calculations by Arons (1973) and by Basko and Sunyaev (1974) for Her X-1/HZ Her system.
Abstract: The influence of X-ray heating on gas flows in binary X-ray systems is examined. A simple estimate is obtained for the evaporative wind flux from a stellar atmosphere due to X-ray heating which agrees with numerical calculations by Alme and Wilson (1974) but disagrees with calculations by Arons (1973) and by Basko and Sunyaev (1974) for the Her X-1/HZ Her system. The wind flux is sensitive to the soft X-ray spectrum. The self-excited wind mechanism does not work. Mass transfer in the Hercules system probably occurs by flow of the atmosphere of HZ Her through the gravitational saddle point of the system. The accretion gas stream is probably opaque with atomic density of not less than 10 to the 15th power per cu cm and is confined to a small fraction of 4(pi) steradians. Other binary X-ray systems are briefly discussed.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used an instrumented light aircraft and radio-sondes to investigate the structure and development of the boundary layer over southern England during two periods of active, shallow convection.
Abstract: Observations of the convective boundary layer over southern England using an instrumented light aircraft and radio-sondes enable its structure and development to be described for two periods of active, shallow convection. Budgeting is used to deduce the sensible heat flux as a function of height, showing a downward flux in the upper part of the boundary layer associated with entrainment of warmer air from above. For the two occasions studied results indicate that the entrained sensible heat flux is about 0·3 of the sensible heat flux at the ground. For one of the occasions a moisture budget was possible yielding a value of the mean latent heat flux at the ground.
Patent•
26 Jun 1975
TL;DR: In this article, the magnetic flux produced by one or more permanent magnetic sources matched in reluctance to a working air gap is directed through an essentially continuously curved convex surface of a volume of magnetically permeable material significantly greater in area than the area of the working gap, with the flux from the magnetic source(s) is generally everywhere normal to that surface.
Abstract: Magnetic means and circuits for efficiently conducting and directing flux to a flux emergent surface, such as the pole of a motor pole piece, in which flux produced by one or more permanent magnetic sources matched in reluctance to a working air gap is directed through an essentially continuously curved convex surface of a volume of magnetically permeable material significantly greater in area than the area of the working air gap, with the flux from the magnetic source(s) is generally everywhere normal to that surface.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors show that the X-ray flux from Cen A increased by at least 1.6 over a six-day period in April 1973, and that the maximum flux exceeded that measured by Tucker et al. and Lampton et al in 1970 and 1971 by factors of 6.7 in the 2-to 10-keV range and 14 in the 10-to 50-kev range.
Abstract: Observations from OSO-7 show that the X-ray flux from Cen A increased by a factor of at least 1.6 over a six-day period in April 1973. Long-term observations indicate greater increases and a hardening of the spectrum. The maximum flux exceeded that measured by Tucker et al. and Lampton et al. in 1970 and 1971 by factors of 6.7 in the 2- to 10-keV range and 14 in the 10- to 50-keV range. Both rapid variability and a harder spectrum are consistent with a model proposed by Grindlay (1975). At maximum brightness, the best-fit spectrum leads to a luminosity of 1.1 x 10 to the 43rd power ergs/s in the 2- to 10-kev range.
TL;DR: In this paper, the first results of a comprehensive computer analysis of over 300 front film and grid coincidence events are presented using statistical tests on the observed data and the short term time dependence of the observed flux is entirely commensurate with a random Poisson distribution and any possible contributions from discrete “cometary showers” must certainly be of relatively minor significance compared to the sporadic background for mass > 10 −13 g.
TL;DR: In this article, the amplitude of the fluctuations varies from 20 to 100% depending on cavity pressure, unstable resonator output coupling, and discharge specific power loading, and are consistent with a basic self-oscillation instability mechanism proposed for fast-flow cw lasers using unstable resonators.
Abstract: Temporal measurements of laser output flux of a flowing‐gas cw CO2 electron‐beam‐sustainer electric discharge laser exhibit large fluctuations. The amplitude of the fluctuations varies from 20 to 100% depending on cavity pressure, unstable resonator output coupling, and discharge specific power loading. Sharp discontinuities are observed in the laser medium when output flux is extracted. Gain measurements made simultaneously with output flux extraction show large fluctuations both above and below cavity threshold. These results are consistent with a basic self‐oscillation instability mechanism proposed for fast‐flow cw lasers using unstable resonators.
TL;DR: In this article, the Navier-Stokes equations are used to analyze Stefan diffusion and the existence of circulation patterns for the nonvolatile species in a binary system is established.
TL;DR: In this paper, the energy spectrum of precipitating electrons and the resulting bremsstrahlung X-ray spectrum were carried out during an auroral event on March 3, 1971, at the Churchill Research Range, Manitoba, Canada.
Abstract: Simultaneous measurements of the energy spectrum of precipitating electrons and the resulting bremsstrahlung X-ray spectrum were carried out during an auroral event on March 3, 1971, at the Churchill Research Range, Manitoba, Canada. The electron data were obtained with detectors on a Black Brant VB sounding rocket (275-km apogee), while the X-ray flux was measured by an instrument package that was boosted to 60 km on an Arcas rocket. The X-ray package was deployed on a parachute at apogee to provide a slow descent through the atmosphere. Thick-target bremsstrahlung theory is used to calculate the X-ray flux produced by the incident electrons, and a Monte Carlo method is used to predict the X-ray spectrum at various altitudes appropriate for comparison with the measured X-ray data. Satisfactory agreement between theory and experiment is obtained, and the value of the constant in the thick target theory has been estimated to be about 0.00002.
TL;DR: In this article, the periodic arrangement of flux lines was found to persist up to transport currents 20 times larger than the critical current, corresponding to a mean flux velocity of 1 msec-1.
Abstract: Lattice planes that are in reflection position at rest must be rotated in order to keep them reflecting when the lattice is moving. This principle was applied to observe the motion of flux lines caused by a transport current in an almost ideal type-II NbTa superconductor. The periodic arrangement of flux lines was found to persist up to transport currents 20 times larger than the critical current, corresponding to a mean flux velocity of 1 msec-1. The velocities determined by neutron diffraction are in agreement with the value E/B, where E is the macroscopic electric field across a current-carrying superconductor and B is the flux density.
TL;DR: The oxygen-to-neon abundance ratio in the solar corona is determined to be 4.7 + or - 1.5 on the basis of a relatively model-independent analysis utilizing 25 separate measurements of the O VIII to Ne IX resonance line ratio as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The oxygen-to-neon abundance ratio in the solar corona is determined to be 4.7 + or - 1.5 on the basis of a relatively model-independent analysis utilizing 25 separate measurements of the O VIII to Ne IX resonance line ratio. The stated uncertainty includes random and possible systematic experimental error in the data but does not include possible error in the calculated flux ratios which have been fitted to the observations. This abundance ratio is smaller than most published results based upon EUV or X-ray observations but is in good agreement with direct measurements of flare cosmic rays.
TL;DR: In this article, currentvoltage characteristics have been measured for an AEI ES200B X-ray photoelectron spectrometer with both conducting and insulating samples, and the results for the insulating sample, taken in conjunction with subsidiary data from charging shifts, indicate that the secondary flux incident on the specimen alone exceeds 99 percent of the photo-electron flux.
TL;DR: In this article, the vertical component of the coefficient of turbulent diffusion, K, within a wheat canopy was measured using a network of nylon tubes at ground level, and K was calculated from the concentration gradient measured at the centre of the network.
Abstract: A new method is described for measuring the vertical component of the coefficient of turbulent diffusion, K, within a wheat canopy. A uniform controlled flux of nitrous oxide was released from a network of nylon tubes at ground level, and K was calculated from the concentration gradient measured at the centre of the network.
The method was first used above the canopy when the crop was short, and the results agreed with those obtained from the wind profile and energy balance. Experiments with different sizes of distribution area showed that in most conditions a radius of only 12m was adequate to give a vertical flux that was constant within 15% to a height of 1m in a canopy 1·25m tall.
The possible error in K was estimated to be 10 to 15% in the lower half of the canopy increasing to 30 to 40% above 1·0m. This is a useful complement to the energy and momentum balance methods that are very inaccurate in the lower half of the canopy.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors extended Levich's formula for the mass transport to the rotating disk surface for systems containing particles with finite dimensions, and predicted an increase in the flux to the disk surface of between 30 and 40% for a suspension of about 0.5-μm diameter particles.
TL;DR: In this paper, a two-dimensional analysis of the data in the Jupiter-Io plane has revealed considerable source B activity at low intensities which is not influenced by Io, whereas the definition of sources A and B appears to be relatively flux independent.