Showing papers on "Geothermal desalination published in 2010"

On exergy calculations of seawater with applications in desalination systems

Abstract: Exergy analysis is a powerful diagnostic tool in thermal systems performance evaluation. The use of such an analysis in seawater desalination processes is of growing importance to determine the sites of the highest irreversible losses. In the literature, exergy analyses of seawater desalination systems have sometimes modeled seawater as sodium chloride solutions of equivalent salt content or salinity; however, such matching does not bring all important properties of the two solutions into agreement. Furthermore, a common model that represents seawater as an ideal mixture of liquid water and solid sodium chloride may have serious shortcomings. Therefore, in this paper, the most up-to-date thermodynamic properties of seawater, as needed to conduct an exergy analysis, are given as correlations and tabulated data. The effect of the system properties as well as the environment dead state on the exergy and flow exergy variation is investigated. In addition, an exergy analysis for a large MSF distillation plant is performed using plant operating data and results previously published using the above-mentioned ideal mixture model. It is demonstrated that this ideal mixture model gives flow exergy values that are far from the correct ones. Moreover, the second law efficiency differs by about 80% for some cases.

Water Desalination using geothermal energy

Abstract: The paper provides a critical overview of water desalination using geothermal resources. Specific case studies are presented, as well as an assessment of environmental risks and market potential and barriers to growth. The availability and suitability of low and high temperature geothermal energy in comparison to other renewable energy resources for desalination is also discussed. Analysis will show, for example, that the use of geothermal energy for thermal desalination can be justified only in the presence of cheap geothermal reservoirs or in decentralized applications focusing on small-scale water supplies in coastal regions, provided that society is able and willing to pay for desalting.

Reverse Osmosis Desalination with High Permeability Membranes - Cost Optimization and Research Needs

Abstract: Reverse osmosis (RO) water desalination is now well established as a mature water desalination technology. With the current generation of seawater and brackish-water RO membranes, it is now both economically and technically feasible to desalt brackish water and seawater on a large scale. In order to further expand the applications of RO desalting technologies, optimal process conditions must be selected to minimize water production costs associated with energy consumption, membrane replacement costs, chemical usage, and residual brine concentrate management. In the present review, a multi-pronged process-optimization approach for reverse osmosis desalination is presented. A theoretical framework discussed for optimizing energy consumption with and without energy recovery devices (ERDs), considering the impact of membrane replacement and brine management costs. The approach enables quantification of the optimal water recovery of RO desalting, considering various factors including the use of energy recovery...

Application of geothermal energy for heating and fresh water production in a brackish water greenhouse desalination unit: A case study from Algeria

Abstract: The aim of this paper was to outline a proposed a new brackish water greenhouse desalination unit powered by geothermal energy for the development of arid and relatively cold regions, using Algeria as a case study. Countries which have abundant sea/brackish water resources and good geothermal conditions are ideal candidates for producing fresh water from sea/brackish water. The establishment of human habitats in these arid areas strongly depends on availability of fresh water. The main advantage of using geothermal energy to power brackish water greenhouse desalination units is that this renewable energy source can provide power 24 h a day. This resource is generally invariant with less intermittence problems compared to other renewable resources such as solar or wind energy. Geothermal resources can both be used to heat the greenhouses and to provide fresh water needed for irrigation of the crops cultivated inside the greenhouses. A review of the geothermal potential in the case study country is also outlined.

GIS-based assessment of combined CSP electric power and seawater desalination plant for Duqum—Oman

Abstract: This paper investigates the potential of implementing combined electric power and seawater desalination plant using concentrated solar power technologies for Wilayat Duqum in Oman. Duqum is going through a considerable urban, touristic and industrial expansion and development. GIS solar radiation tools are used to select the most appropriate site for the plant location. There are basically two different options to combine concentrated solar electric power with seawater desalination. The first option is to combine a CSP plant with a thermal desalination unit, exploiting the exhaust heat of the steam cycle to drive a thermal desalination unit. The second option is to exploit only the electricity output of the CSP plant with a reverse osmosis desalination unit. The paper deals with both options and shows where each of the concepts has advantages considering local conditions: the quality of the input water, the demand of freshwater and/or potable water, social and economic aspects, the environment and others.

Low-temperature solar–thermal multi-effect evaporation desalination systems

Abstract: As part of a project investigating the productive use of saline land and the development of sustainable desalination systems, the production of potable water from seawater or brackish water using desalination systems powered by low-temperature solar-thermal sources, including salinity-gradient solar ponds and evacuated tube solar collectors, has been studied. A Visual Basic-Excel computer model of solar-powered multi-effect evaporation (MEE) desalination processes was developed to determine the technical and economic feasibility of the system. A small-scale three-effect evaporation desalination system powered by a solar pond, capable of producing up to 2300 L of fresh water per day, has been designed using the model. The system has been manufactured and commissioned, and has operated effectively at a first-effect vapour temperature of about 68°C, which is ideal for heat delivery from a solar pond. One of the advantages of the MEE-Solar pond arrangement is the possibility of utilising the discharged concentrated salt solutions from the MEE system for commercial salt production, or constructing additional solar ponds to support additional desalination capacity. The key design and operating parameters controlling the cost of fresh water-distillate production, recovery ratio, thermal energy, and solar collection area—were determined from the computer simulation and compared with experimental results. A good agreement between the experimental data and the modelling results has been obtained.

Seawater desalination with memstill technology - a sustainable solution for the industry.

Abstract: Membrane Distillation may be applied over several different configurations to carry out seawater desalination. Using a microporous non-selective hydrophobic membrane, a finite air gap, and a cool surface in a particular arrangement, heat transfer may be employed to drive the transport of only water vapour across the membrane. Several limitations in conventional Membrane Distillation platforms dramatically reduce the viability of this water purification technology, namely low transmembrane fluxes, high thermal energy requirements, and low freshwater recovery rates. Keppel Seghers, through the logical application of system integration expertise, has succeeded in systematically removing these limitations during the development of Memstill technology. Memstill technology is a proprietary application of Membrane Distillation in an ideal counter-current flow configuration which allows for highly efficient recovery of heat within the desalination process. The recovery of heat within the Memstill process allows desalination to be driven with a minimal heat input. As such, Memstill desalination may be conducted using waste heat sources that would otherwise be rejected to the atmosphere. In addition, the efficient recovery of heat from the outlet stream of Memstill implies that it may be discharged at significantly lower temperatures than conventional thermal Membrane Distillation platforms. Keppel Seghers has conducted three previous pilot trials of Memstill technology, and is prepared to design, build, own and operate a Memstill demonstration plant with a freshwater production capacity of about 100 m 3 /day on a petroleum refinery in Singapore. This work will be carried out with the support of PUB.

Energy consumption of reverse osmosis seawater desalination - possibilities for its optimisation in design and operation of SWRO plants

Abstract: Seawater desalination with reverse osmosis has taken a noteworthy upturn in recent years. One of the reasons for the success of the membrane process is its lower energy consumption in comparison to the thermal desalination processes. Due to advances in the efficiency of energy recovery systems of the seawater desalination stage (1st Pass) of SWRO - plants in the last decade this advantage of membrane processes has even increased. Now, however, the energy consumption of an SWRO is also influenced by a huge number of additional factors. These are of an external nature as well as determined by design and configuration of the plant. Environmental conditions and - stipulations dependent on the location of the plant and furthermore the influence of operating modes are additional factors. The individual systems of an SWRO plant - in particular its pre-treatment stage as well as its first and second passes are very closely cross-linked systems in regard to its energy consumption. During energy optimisation in des...

Chapter 10 Concentrate Treatment for Inland Desalting

Abstract: Inland desalination of brackish water can provide an important source of potable water in many parts of the world. Reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF) have become the technology of choice for many of these applications [T. Pankratz, The 19th IDA Worldwide Desalting Plant Inventory, Global Water Intelligence, Houston, TX, 2006]. However, large-scale deployment of RO/NF in inland locations would necessitate operation at relatively high product water recovery in order to maximize water resource utilization and minimize treatment costs and environmental challenges associated with disposal of the concentrate. Concentrate disposal is generally limited to one or two options for any given area and is directly related to land cost, energy costs, regulations, and the type and quantity of salts in the concentrate stream [M. Mickley, Concentrate management, in: M. Wilf (Ed.), The Guidebook to Membrane Desalination Technology: Reverese Osmosis, Nanofiltration and Hybrid Systems Process, Design, Applications and Economics, Balaban Desalination Publications, L'Aquila, Italy, 2007, p. 524; B. van der Bruggen, L. Lejon, C. Vandecasteele, Reuse, treatment, and discharge of the concentrate of pressure-driven membrane processes, Environ. Sci. Technol. 37 (2003) 3733–3738.]. Inland concentrate disposal options include reuse of concentrates, surface water discharge, sewer disposal, deep well injection, land applications, and evaporation ponds (followed by land filling of solids) [M. Mickley, Concentrate management, in: M. Wilf (Ed.), The Guidebook to Membrane Desalination Technology: Reverese Osmosis, Nanofiltration and Hybrid Systems Process, Design, Applications and Economics, Balaban Desalination Publications, L'Aquila, Italy, 2007, p. 524.]. This chapter provides an overview of post-RO/NF concentrate minimization technologies with the goal of minimizing the concentrate volume such that ultimate disposal options are more feasible. Examples of several of these technologies are also provided.

Multi-effect passive desalination system, an experimental approach.

Abstract: 2 Abstract: Solar stills are very simple to construct and to operate but their efficiency and productivity are fairly low. To increase the yield from stills different methods were adopted. In this paper, an experimental investigation on single and double effect desalination systems are reported and effects of some parameters such as water depth, input radiation intensity and salinity on the productivity of the system is discussed. Increase in water depth in the basins, decrease in the radiation intensity and increase in the salinity reduces the system production rate. Using a passive double effect desalination system increases the yield of the system considerably.

Desalination plant discharge calculator

Abstract: The impacts of a desalination plant discharge on the marine environment depend on the physical and chemical properties of the desalination plant reject streams, and the susceptibility of coastal ecosystems to these discharges depending on their hydrographical and biological features. Therefore, a good knowledge of both the effluent properties and the receiving environments is required in order to evaluate the potential impacts of desalination plants on the marine environment. The brine flows are considerably large, generally up to 40% (for membrane based technologies, like reverse osmosis, RO) and up to 90% (for thermal technologies, like multi-stage-flash, MSF, including cooling water) of the intake flowrate. Thus either almost as large or even considerably larger flows than the required freshwater water flow. Salinity and temperature directly influence the density of the effluent. The various density differences between the brine and the receiving water represented by the buoyancy flux causes different ...

Minimizing the Environmental Impact of Sea Brine Disposal by Coupling Desalination Plants with Solar Saltworks: A Case Study for Greece

Abstract: The explosive increase in world population, along with the fast socio-economic development, have led to an increased water demand, making water shortage one of the greatest problems of modern society. Countries such as Greece, Saudi Arabia and Tunisia face serious water shortage issues and have resorted to solutions such as transporting water by ships from the mainland to islands, a practice that is expensive, energy-intensive and unsustainable. Desalination of sea-water is suitable for supplying arid regions with potable water, but extensive brine discharge may affect marine biota. To avoid this impact, we explore the option of directing the desalination effluent to a solar saltworks for brine concentration and salt production, in order to achieve a zero discharge desalination plant. In this context, we conducted a survey in order to evaluate the potential of transferring desalination brine to solar saltworks, so that its disposal to the sea is avoided. Our analysis showed that brine transfer by trucks is prohibitively expensive. In order to make the zero discharge desalination plant economically feasible, efforts should be directed into developing a more efficient technology that will result in the production of only a fraction of the brine that is produced from our systems today.

Corrosion Control in the Desalination Industry

Abstract: Desalination is a viable solution to the 21th century´s shortage of freshwater. The most widely used desalination processes are thermal and membrane. Other modern techniques apply solar and electrical energy for evaporation and electrodialysis. Many desalination plants (DP) are located in desertic/arid regions with a harsh climate and limited rainfall. About one-fifth of the DPs operate in the Middle East, with Saudi Arabia producing half of the world desalted water. The final selection of materials of construction for plant equipment must be a compromise between technological and economic factors. Corrosion problems and their solutions in several DPs in the Middle East, USA and Mexico are presented.

Current and Emerging Developments in Desalination with Reverse Osmosis Membrane Systems

Abstract: Desalination by reverse osmosis (RO) has become the most cost-effective process to convert seawater into freshwater for potable use at large scale. Nevertheless, research and development efforts are still needed (1) to reliably provide a feed water with a fouling potential as low as possible to the RO membranes and (2) to lower the energy requirements of desalination plants by seawater RO as well as their environmental impacts. For this reason, the chapter does not provide a complete overview of a desalination plant but focuses on the current and emerging developments in desalination with RO membrane systems.

Method and system for desalinating saltwater while generating electricity

Abstract: The present disclosure is directed at methods, systems and techniques for desalinating saltwater while generating electricity. A reverse electrodialysis (RED) stack is used to generate electricity, and the generated electricity is used to desalinate saltwater in an electrodialysis reversal (EDR) stack. As the RED stack relies on a concentration difference between two ionic fluids to generate electricity, a desalination plant that incorporates the RED and EDR stacks as described herein is referred to as a concentration difference energy plant. Brine discharge from a first desalination plant, such as a reverse osmosis plant, can be partially desalinated by the concentration difference energy plant, and the partially desalinated brine may optionally be returned to the first desalination plant for further desalination. This can result in several benefits. For example, the concentration difference energy plant can remove larger ionic species, which if not removed could cause scaling in the first desalination plant.

Coupling sustainable energy with membrane distillation processes for seawater desalination

Abstract: Desalination technologies nowadays is a very interesting and emerging alternative to conventional water sources; their high energy consumption, however, generates some problems in adopting them, especially in remote areas where electric grid is not available and fuel transportation is not always sustainable. In this paper a short overview of possible couplings between the membrane distillation technology for desalination and the use of sustainable thermal energy sources is presented. Two case studies of ongoing research projects at Universita di Palermo are also presented.

Heat pipes as an extra measure to eliminate radioactive contamination in nuclear seawater desalination

Abstract: Reduction in tritium contamination levels in the product water is a top priority for gaining public confidence in nuclear seawater desalination. Hence, the search for new technologies, to enable such reduction is an ongoing process. Heat pipes are seen as a promising technology to achieve such goal. In fact, concern over possible contamination of the product water could well be eliminated using this technology. Utilising new designs for desalination heat exchangers based on the heat pipe technology will add an extra loop, which will prevent direct contact between the nuclear and the product water loops under normal and anticipated operational failure occurrences. As a result, heat pipes can play a decisive role in enhancing public perception of nuclear desalination in particular and seawater desalination in general. When coupled to the Low-Temperature Multi-Effect Distillation process, heat pipes based heat exchangers could harness waste-heat generated in nuclear power reactors and effectively improve the...

Desalination and long-haul water transfer as a water supply for Dallas, Texas: A case study of the energy-water nexus in Texas

Abstract: As existing water supplies become increasingly strained in some locations, water planners turn to alternative options to quench cities’ thirst. Among these options for inland cities is desalination of seawater or brackish groundwater with long-haul water transfer. Desalination using reverse osmosis membranes is the most common technology in use, yet high pressures required for operation make desalination an energy-intensive water supply option. The subsequent conveyance of desalinated water through long-haul pipelines also requires large amounts of energy. To analyze desalination and long-haul transfer as a drinking water supply, Dallas, Texas, was chosen as a test-bed with two scenarios: seawater desalination near Houston and brackish groundwater desalination near Abilene, both with long-haul transfer of desalinated water to Dallas. Combining the energy requirements for long-distance pumping with the energy demands for desalination, we estimate that desalination and long-haul transfer is nine to 23 times more energy-intensive per unit of water than conventional treatment of local surface water sources, an increase of 230 to 630 MWh/d for 20 million gal (75,700 m3). These results suggest that desalination and long-haul transfer as a water supply for Dallas is less sustainable, based on energy consumption, than use of local surface water sources or water conservation. Citation: Stillwell AS, King CW, Webber ME. 2010. Desalination and long-haul water transfer as a water supply for Dallas, Texas: A case study of the energy-water nexus in Texas. Texas Water Journal. 1(1)33-41. Available from: https://doi.org/10.21423/twj.v1i1.1042.

Using low enthalpy geothermal resources to desalinate sea water and electricity production on desert areas in mexico

Abstract: It is well known that Mexico has extensive geothermal resources throughout the county, some of them dedicated to the power generation since Mexico has more than 950 MW of geothermal installed capacity. However, at east Pacific Rise along of the Baja Peninsula several geothermal resources are located where a continuous heat and hot water discharge occurs just on the seashore. Most of these systems are located near important tourist and recreational areas where neither potable-water nor power electricity are available. Mexico’s National University (UNAM) through the IMPULSA Program has been working with local scientist and engineers to use these extensive but not well assessed geothermal resources in order to generate electricity or for desalinate using the hot geothermal water. Geological and geophysics studies are being conducted to identify and characterize underground structures governing heat and water movement along with chemical geothermometer behavior. The aim of this work is to assess the geothermal potential at La Joya, near the City of Ensenada, by using the hot geothermal seawater through new thermal processes, MED (multi effect distillation) and MSF (multi stage flash) mix ture, LE-MED (low energy multi effect distillation) in order to use the hot seawater as heat source for desalination with very little energy consumption avoiding the use of steam, as well as reducing the cost of the fresh water produced and at the same time promoting the use of renewable resources in the country. An innovation introduced with this design is the use of hot seawater to heat not only the first one, but all the chambers in the desalination plant, a unique Mexican design. Prototype desalination plant design has already been achieved and the extensive Lab tests shown very promise results. The IMPULSA project has also designed a power generation system PWG (Pressurized Water Generator) for low enthalpy geothermal resources like the ones at La Joya. The innovation of this system is the use of a high speed turbine and a pressurized water cycle, to avoid the use of large heat exchanger areas.

Improving recovery in reverse osmosis desalination of inland brackish groundwaters via electrodialysis

Abstract: UT El Paso, Civil Engineering, Ctr. for Inland Desal. Systems ............... Sep. 2010 – Present Associate Professor – September 2016 – Present Assistant Professor – August 2010 – August 2016 ▪ CE 3342 – Water and Wastewater Engr. (Fall 2010-Spring 2020, 16 times) ▪ CE 1301 – Civil Engineering Fundamentals (Fall 2016, Spring ‘17, Fall ‘17, Fall ‘18) ▪ CE 5409/5390 – Environmental Engineering Chemistry (Fall 2011, ‘15, ‘17, ‘19) ▪ CE 5345 – Adv. Phys-Chemical Water Treatment Proc. (Spring 2012, ‘14, ‘16, ‘18, ‘20) ▪ CE 5349 – Design of Membrane Filtration and Desal. Sys. (Fall 2012, ‘14, ‘16, ‘18) ▪ CE 5344 – Biological Unit Operations/Processes (Spring 2013, ‘15)

Potential Geothermal Energy Utilization in Jordan: Possible Electrical Power Generation

Abstract: Jordan, which is considered as part of the ring of fire, is tectonically active and could be considered as potential region for future generation of energy from the available geothermal energy resources. The current article discusses the possibility of utilizing geothermal energy in generating electrical power in Jordan. Jordan encounters geothermal energy resources in two main forms, medium and low energy with variation of temperature ranges from 110–114 o C and 30–65 o C, respectively. The various hot springs and wells have been subjected to a comparison in terms of temperature and flow rate in order to determine the most suitable method for electric power generation. This comparison concluded that electrical power could be generated using geothermal binary power plants and geothermal Stirling engines. Keywords: Geothermal Energy, Groundwater, Binary Power plant, Stirling Engine 1. Introduction With escalating awareness of the damaging effects of using fossil fuels on the environment, there has been a growing attention to provide the region with an abundant, clean renewable baseload energy sources. Renewable energy technologies are being developed to attain such clean sources of energy that have much lower negative impact on environment. In this regard, renewable energy resources appear to be a potential solution to energy and environmental problems and the key to the sustainable development. According to [1], the geothermal energy is stored between the earth's surface and a specified depth in the crust. It is measured from local average annual temperature beneath a specified area. The most common criterion for classifying geothermal resources is based on the enthalpy of the geothermal fluids that act as the carrier transporting heat from the deep hot rocks to the surface. Enthalpy, which can be considered more or less proportional to the temperature, is used to express the heat content of the fluids, and gives a rough idea of their value. According to criteria that are generally based on the energy content of the fluids and their potential forms of utilization [2], the resources are divided into low, medium and high temperature resources. Thousands megawatts of power are currently being produced could be developed from already-identified hydrothermal resources. With improvements in technology, much more power will be available. Usable geothermal resources will not be limited to the shallow hydrothermal reservoirs at the crustal plate boundaries. Much of the world is underlain by dry hot rock. Scientists worldwide have experimented piping water into this deep hot rock to create more hydrothermal resources that can be used in geothermal power plants [3]. As drilling technology being developed, allowing to drill much deeper, geothermal energy from hot dry rock could be available everywhere. At such time, we will be able to hit the true potential of the huge heat resources of the earth's crust and to create more efficient energy supply. A complex plate boundary crosses Turkey and Greece where several high-temperature geothermal prospects have been found. Since 1984, the Kizildere field in western Turkey has produced 20.4 MWe. A dry ice plant was built in the late 80s. Lower temperature hot water (552 GWh/yr) is used for heating and in greenhouses in Turkey [4]-[7]. In Greece 37 GWh/yr is used directly, and in Milos a 2 MWe flash plant was operated for several years. Geothermal hot water is used in Algeria (460 GWh/yr) and Tunisia (400 GWh/yr) for bathing, greenhouses, drinking and irrigation purposes. In Israel and Jordan, the Red Sea-Jordan Valley Rift (JVR) hosts hot springs, with temperature up to 102

4.09 – Membrane Systems for Seawater and Brackish Water Desalination

Abstract: This chapter provides an overview of current worldwide water stress problem and of the membrane-based technologies under operation in desalination plants. The first part briefly emphasizes the role of desalination technologies as a reliable remedy to water shortages. It also gives a preliminary overview on the existing desalination processes and their reciprocal importance in terms of amount and quality of water produced, as well as of their energy consumption. Membrane desalination processes, their rapid development and spread, along with examples of recent installations are also discussed. A particular emphasis is devoted to reverse osmosis, which has emerged as the leader in existing and future desalination plants. In the second part, the progress made in recent years in membrane desalination processes and the potentialities of membrane operations in integrated systems is presented and discussed. Integrated membrane systems provide the possibility to overcome the limits of the single units and to improve the performance of the desalination process, maximizing recovery factor while decreasing water cost and brine disposal problem.

Performance evaluation of reverse osmosis desalination plant: A case study of Wadi Ma'in, Zara and Mujib Plant

Abstract: Reverse osmosis (RO) desalination systems are being increasingly used in the world as an efficient, reliable and cost-effective technology. It is widely used for the production of municipal and in dustrial grade water treating seawater and brackish water. For instance, RO desalination has been widely and successfully used in Middle Eastern oil-producing countries. However, utilization of membrane plants has been spread throughout every region of the world as a viable economic alternative to traditional water treatment. To date, desalination of either seawater or brackish water in Jordan has been limited. In the case of seawater, Jordan has a very short shoreline on the Gulf of Aqaba and this is very distant from the main centers of population. This is further aggravated by the fact that these centers of population are at high elevations (Amman 1000 m above the mean sea level) and would therefore involve high pumping costs. Jordan does have reserves of brackish water, and a small number of brackish water desalination plants have been built. The Wadi Ma’in, Zara and Mujib desalination plant was officially inaugurated on the 18th of November 2007, the water production started on the 22nd of August 2006. Desalination is carried out using the reverse osmosis techniques. This is a Design-Build-Operate contract. The plant includes desalination of 55 MCM per year of water with a salinity of 1500–2000 mg/l. It shall provide Amman with 38 MCM per year with a TDS of 250 mg/l. This paper describes the performance evaluation of this plant so as to bring out the state of the art of its operation and maintenance. Detailed information on the plant design and engineering, water quality, plant personnel, and cost of operation and maintenance will be collected since commissioning of the plant. The performance of the plant is characterized according to the main parameters: quantity of water produced and quality of water.

Strategy of deriving 'wealth from waste' from concentrated brine of desalination plant

Abstract: Research and technological developments are being pursued vigorously all over the world to reduce the cost of desalinated water. Thermal and membrane-based desalination processes are very well known and plants are being operated to augment the demand of fresh water essential for drinking in water-scarce countries and to sustain the industrial processes. Any further improvement in energy reduction can only be marginal considering the complexity of the desalination system. The alternative approach is to add value by recovering edible salt, rare and valuable metals, such as caesium, titanium, uranium and vanadium, from the reject brine streams. In this regard, a novel polymeric chelating resin was designed and developed in Desalination Division, BARC laboratory with significant potential for this achievement. In this paper, the characteristics and potential of the resin have been described for the recovery of valuable elements based on experimental findings.

Status and Prospect of Chinese Seawater Desalination Technology

Abstract: This paper analyzes the state-of-the-art and status quo of seawater desalination technology in China during recent years,including multi-stage flash,low temperature multi-effect distillation and reverse osmosis,and discusses current problems and gaps by a comparison between China and other countries with advanced seawater desalination technology.Furthermore,combining domestic needs for seawater desalination technology,this paper also presents the future possible direction and goals of Chinese seawater desalination.