Showing papers on "Gravitational wave published in 1976"
TL;DR: In this paper, a method for analyzing the arrival times of pulses from the binary pulsar PSR 1913+16, in terms of the orbital elements and their possible secular variations, is described.
Abstract: A method is described for analyzing the arrival times of pulses from the binary pulsar PSR 1913+16, in terms of the orbital elements and their possible secular variations. Estimates are given for the times necessary to measure such secular changes and to detect various relativistic effects. If measurements errors approx.1 ms are the dominant source of error and approx.1000 independent observations are made per year, then approx.5 years of observations are necessary for a dynamical determination of the component masses accurate to 10 percent and approx.15 years for the possible detection of gravitational radiation. Other sources of error are briefly discussed. (AIP)
261 citations
TL;DR: In this article, general formulas are derived which describe the gravitational radiation at large distances from a system of small bodies whose sizes are small compared with their separations, and detailed results for circular orbits, gravitational bremsstrahlung, and head-on collisions.
Abstract: General formulas are derived which describe the gravitational radiation at large distances from a system of bodies whose sizes are small compared with their separations. The calculation is carried out through post-Newtonian order within general relativity. More explicit formulas are derived for two-body systems, and detailed results are presented for circular orbits, gravitational bremsstrahlung, and head-on collisions.
136 citations
120 citations
01 Jan 1976
TL;DR: In this article, a theory of gravitation was proposed for general relativistic theories of the universe and its structure, including the curvature and gravitation of curved spaces, and the steady state theory of gravity.
Abstract: COSMOGRAPHY What the universe contains The cosmic distance hierarchy and the determination of galactic densities The red shift and the expansion of the universe PHYSICAL BASIS OF GENERAL RELATIVITY The need for relativistic ideas and a theory of gravitation DIFFICULTIES WITH NEWTONIAN MECHANICS Gravity and inertial frames and absolute space Inadequacy of special relativity. Mach's principle and gravitational waves Einstein's principle of equivalence CURVED SPACETIME AND THE PHYSICAL MATHEMATICS OF GENERAL RELATIVITY Particle paths and the separation between events. Geodesics. Curved spaces. Curvature and gravitation GENERAL RELATIVITY NEAR MASSIVE OBJECTS Spacetime near an isolated mass Around the world with clocks Precession of the perihelion of Mercury Deflection of light Radar echoes from planets Black holes COSMIC KINEMATICS Spacetime for the smoothed-out universe Red shifts and horizons Apparent luminosity Galactic densities and the darkness of the night sky Number counts COSMIC DYNAMICS Gravitation and the cosmic fluid Histories of model universes The steady state theory Cosmologies in which the strength of gravity varies IN THE BEGINNING Cosmic black-body radiation Condensation of galaxies Ylem APPENDIX A: Labeling astronomical objects APPENDIX B: Theorema egregium PROBLEMS SOLUTIONS TO ODD-NUMBERED PROBLEMS USEFUL NUMBERS BIBLIOGRAPHY INDEX
116 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the mean time between such gravitational-wave bursts at earth is analyzed in terms of the present Hubble expansion rate, the present deceleration parameter of the universe, the redshift z = 2.5 (at which most of the bursts are assumed to have been generated), the present number density of 'centers' where the bursts originated, the mean number of bursts generated in each center during its active life, and the speed of light.
Abstract: It is argued that the collapse which forms the supermassive black holes that are likely to exist in the nuclei of many quasars and galaxies, and collisions between those holes, should produce strong broadband bursts of gravitational waves. The mean time between such gravitational-wave bursts at earth is analyzed in terms of the present Hubble expansion rate, the present deceleration parameter of the universe, the redshift z = 2.5 (at which most of the bursts are assumed to have been generated), the present number density of 'centers' where the bursts originated, the mean number of bursts generated in each center during its active life, and the speed of light. The analysis shows that the range from one week to 300 years is reasonable for the time between bursts, although it is admitted that hardly any bursts at all is also reasonable. Expected characteristics of the bursts are deduced, and it is shown that the best detector for these bursts will probably be Doppler tracking of one or more interplanetary spacecraft.
98 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the sensitivity of a resonant-mass gravitational radiation antenna coupled to a motion detector with given noise properties is calculated in detail, and it is shown that the quantum-mechanical limit of linear amplifier performance implies an important restriction on the sensitivity for any system using a linear motion detector.
Abstract: The sensitivity of a resonant-mass gravitational radiation antenna coupled to a motion detector with given noise properties is calculated in detail. It is shown that the quantum-mechanical limit of linear amplifier performance implies an important restriction on the sensitivity for any system using a linear motion detector. For a signal frequency ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{a}$, this fundamental limit requires that the gravitational radiation pulse be capable of driving the antenna from rest to an energy level exceeding $2\ensuremath{\hbar}{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{a}$.
85 citations
TL;DR: In two experiments in 1974 and 1975, utilizing a radio interferometer of 35-km base line, the relative positions of three radio sources were monitored over a period of a month when the sun was within 10 deg of the sources as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: In two experiments in 1974 and 1975, utilizing a radio interferometer of 35-km base-line, the relative positions of three radio sources were monitored over a period of a month when the sun was within 10 deg of the sources. The mean gravitational deflection is 1.007 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.009 (standard error) times the value predicted by general relativity. These results exclude the Brans-Dicke theory of gravitation with a scalar coupling constant $\ensuremath{\omega}l23$ at the 99% confidence level.
73 citations
01 Jan 1976
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present the theories for unsteady free surface flow subjected to gravity forces, which are called water waves, although pressure waves (such as acoustic waves) in water are also water waves.
Abstract: The aim of this chapter is to present the theories for unsteady free surface flow subjected to gravitational forces. Such motions are called water waves, although pressure waves (such as acoustic waves) in water are also water waves. They are also called gravity waves, although atmospheric motions are also waves subjected to gravity.
72 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the finite corrections to the graviton-electron and gravitonphoton vertices due to virtual quantum electrodynamical processes are calculated at the one-loop level.
71 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a treatment of the linear theory is given that closely parallels the usual E and B formulation of electromagnetic theory, and it is shown that the problem of detecting gravitational waves is really the same problem as detecting tidal accelerations due to a time-varying Newtonian gravitational field.
Abstract: A treatment of the linear theory is given that closely parallels the usual E and B formulation of electromagnetic theory. In Part I, an introductory exposition of gravitational radiation is presented. The tidal gravitational field strength E is defined, and it is shown that E is the measurable quantity which characterizes a gravitational wave. The important point is made that the problem of detecting gravitational waves is really the same problem as detecting tidal accelerations due to a time‐varying Newtonian gravitational field. In Part II, the magnetic‐type gravitational field strength B is defined and Maxwell‐like field equations are used to determine the polarization states of a gravitational wave. The detection of gravitational waves by Weber‐type cylinders is discussed.
54 citations
TL;DR: Differential cross sections for the scattering of plane scalar, electromagnetic, and gravitational waves from the gravitational field of sources in the weak-field approximation are presented in this article, where the long- wavelength limit of analogous scattering off of spherical black holes is compared.
Abstract: Differential cross sections are presented for the scattering of plane scalar, electromagnetic, and gravitational waves from the gravitational field of sources in the weak-field approximation. Comparison is made with the long- wavelength limit of analogous scattering off of spherical black holes. (AIP)
TL;DR: In this article, an energy variational principle is employed to analyze the effects of rapid rotation and relativistic gravity on the mass-density relation and maximum mass of neutron stars.
Abstract: Equilibrium models of rapidly rotating neutron stars supported by nonrelativistic, degenerate neutrons are examined in the Parametrized Post-Newtonian (PPN) framework. An energy variational principle is employed to analyze the effects of rapid rotation and relativistic gravity on the mass-density relation and maximum mass of neutron stars. The fractional increase in the mass of stable, equilibrium configurations due to rotation is smaller for neutron stars than for white dwarfs, a consequence of the destabilizing effects of post-Newtonian gravity. Currently viable conservative theories of gravity with high values of the PPN parameter ..beta.. can have significantly larger masses than predicted by general relativity. Also discussed qualitatively is the evolution of transient, rotating compact objects called ''fizzlers,'' which contract to form pulsars and black holes on secular (gravitational radiation) time scales. (AIP)
TL;DR: The post-Newtonian limit of Rosen's theory of gravity is evaluated and is shown to be identical to that of general relativity, except for the post Newtonian parameter alpha sub 2 (which is related to the difference in propagation speeds for gravitational and electromagnetic waves).
Abstract: The post-Newtonian limit of Rosen's theory of gravity is evaluated and is shown to be identical to that of general relativity, except for the post-Newtonian parameter alpha sub 2 (which is related to the difference in propagation speeds for gravitational and electromagnetic waves). Both the value of alpha sub 2 and the value of the Newtonian gravitational constant depend on the present cosmological structure of the Universe. If the cosmological structure has a specific (but presumably special) form, the Newtonian gravitational constant assumes its current value, alpha sub 2 is zero, the post-Newtonian limit of Rosen's theory is identical to that of general relativity - and standard solar system experiments cannot distinguish between the two theories.
TL;DR: In this article, a general-relativistic kinetic theory of waves propagating in a medium filled with massive particles is given, where the dispersion effects give rise to proper modes, which are the 0, 1 and 2 helicity components of the total field.
Abstract: In this paper, we give a general-relativistic kinetic theory of waves propagating in a medium filled with massive particles. A major difficulty of this problem is to handle simultaneously dispersive and expansion effects. Matter itself is at the root of both phenomena, and in our treatment they are conveniently separated by using a two-time scale approximation. It turns out that the expansion modifies both the amplitude and the frequency of the waves. Dispersion effects give rise to proper modes, which are shown to be the 0, 1, and 2 helicity components of the total field. The dispersion equations for these different components are obtained in a general form. The propagation of gravitational modes is examined in more detail for the two extreme cases of cold and ultrarelativistic matter. A lower cutoff frequency appears, and no Landau damping is found in the case of a thermalized gas.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a distorted "plane wave" prescription, necessary for the calculation of the scattering cross sections of electromagnetic and gravitational waves off of a black hole, which agrees with the accepted prescription for a massless scalar field and satisfies the intuitive notions of what constitutes a ''plane wave'' in terms of potentials and fields.
Abstract: The mathematical definition of what is intuitively called a ''plane wave'' on the curved background of a black hole is clarified and discussed from the viewpoints of potentials and fields. Because of the long-range Newtonian part of the gravitational field the asymptotic wave fronts of an incident ''plane wave'' (describing a radiative perturbation for a scattering experiment) are distorted in a manner analogous to the wave fronts of an electron beam in the quantum-mechanical Coulomb scattering problem. In addition, the electromagnetic and gravitational fields can be described with either a potential formalism (i.e., the vector potential and the metric perturbation) or a field formalism (i.e., the electromagnetic field tensor and the Riemann tensor). In this paper we present a distorted ''plane wave'' prescription, necessary for the calculation of the scattering cross sections of electromagnetic and gravitational waves off of a black hole, which agrees with the accepted prescription for a massless scalar field and satisfies the intuitive notions of what constitutes a ''plane wave'' in terms of potentials and fields. (AIP)
TL;DR: In this article, a number of exact solutions of Einstein's equations are obtained, which describe the collision and subsequent interaction of two plane parallel waves, and it is shown that two such waves mutually focus each other with the focus usually appearing as a singularity in space-time.
TL;DR: In this article, a theory of antennas for gravitational radiation is presented on the basis of the eigenmode system and the structure symmetry, the emission and reception characteristics and the directivity pattern of antennas are treated.
Abstract: A theory of antennas for gravitational radiation is presented. On the basis of the eigenmode system and the structure symmetry, the emission and reception characteristics and the directivity pattern of antennas are treated. The antenna thermal noise is discussed in connection with the coupling constant of vibration sensors and with the effect of cold-damping.
CNET1
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors considered the effect of the base wind on the propagation of the gravity wave of medium scale in the upper atmosphere and the interaction of such waves and the ionization.
01 Feb 1976
TL;DR: In this article, a number of exact solutions of Einstein's equations are obtained, which describe the collision and subsequent interaction of two plane parallel waves, and it is shown that two such waves mutually focus each other with the focus usually appearing as a singularity in space-time.
Abstract: A number of exact solutions of Einstein's equations are obtained, which describe the collision and subsequent interaction of two plane parallel waves. Gravitational waves, null electromagnetic fields, and neutrino fields are all considered with collisions between any two types. It is shown that two such waves mutually focus each other with the focus usually appearing as a singularity in space-time. Further conclusions are made regarding the qualitative nature of the interactions, and it is argued that these also apply in more realistic physical situations.
TL;DR: In this paper, a pair of 1.65×1.19 m3 aluminum square antennas with cuts on each side, with a directivity gain of 4 db, have been designed and constructed, and each antenna is equipped with an electrostatic transducer with coupling constant β~1.8×10-3.
Abstract: A pair of gravitational radiation detectors at ν0=145 Hz have been designed and constructed. The 1400-kg aluminum square antennas, 1.65×1.65×0.19 m3 with cuts on each side, have a directivity gain of 4 db. Each antenna is equipped with an electrostatic transducer with coupling constant β~1.8×10-3, followed by a low noise FET amplifier. Well isolated from all conceivable terrestrial disturbances, the antennas show the Brownian motion, 18 db over noise within a bandwidth of 1 Hz. After AD conversion with a sampling period of Δt=1 sec, the effective noise of the detectors in term of the antenna temperature is Teff\cong10K. Correlation of signals from two detectors over observation time NTΔt will reveal NG short gravitation radiation pulses having energy spectrum density F(ν0)[J m-2 Hz-1], if NG \gtrsim5.9×1011NT1/2.
TL;DR: In this paper, an analysis of the semirelativistic gravitational two-body problem based on Schwinger's source theory is given, which is purely classical but nongeometrical.
TL;DR: The negative mass region of spacetime has local properties similar to those of the negative-mass Schwarzschild solution as discussed by the authors, and as such may be attractive as ''lagging core'' models of highly energetic astrophysical phenomena.
Abstract: Examples are given of spherically symmetric cosmological models containing space-sections with the following properties: at large values of the geometrically defined coordinate R, the mass is positive, while at small values of R, the mass is negative. The negative-mass region of spacetime has local properties similar to those of the negative-mass Schwarzschild solution. The big bang in these models is partially spacelike and partially timelike, so the spacetimes do not obey the strong form of the cosmic censorship hypothesis. The timelike, negative-mass segments of the big bang are unlimited sources of electromagnetic and gravitational radiation, and as such may be attractive as ''lagging core'' models of highly energetic astrophysical phenomena. (AIP)
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that the radiating Kerr metric does not satisfy the hypersurface orthogonal condition, and that Vaidya's solutions satisfying this additional condition are of only two types: (1) Kinnersley's accelerating point mass solution and (2) a similar solution where a spacelike curve plays the role of the time-like curve describing the world line of the accelerating mass.
Abstract: Vaidya has obtained general solutions of the Einstein equationsR
ab=σξ
a
ξ
b
by means of the Kerr-Schild metricsg
ab=η
ab
+Hξ
a
ξ
b
. The vector field ξ
a
generates a shear free null geodetic congruence both in Minkowski space and in the Kerr-Schild space-time. If in addition it is hypersurface orthogonal, the Kerr-Schild metric may be interpreted as the “background metric” in a space-time perturbed by a high frequency gravitational wave. It is shown that Vaidya's solutions satisfying this additional condition are of only two types: (1) Kinnersley's accelerating point mass solution and (2) a similar solution where a space-like curve plays the role of the time-like curve describing the world line of the accelerating mass. The solution named by Vaidya as the radiating Kerr metric does not satisfy the hypersurface orthogonal condition.
TL;DR: In this article, the Munich-Frascati detector was shown to be very close to the theoretical limit, set only by the properties of the available piezomaterials.
Abstract: With the Munich-Frascati detector pair the limit of detectable pulse strengths for short gravitational-wave pulses could be reduced to a few 105 erg/cm2 Hz by improvement of the mechanical and electrical set-up. For given dimensions of the bar, the sensitivity is shown to be very close to the theoretical limit, set only by the properties of the available piezomaterial.
TL;DR: The first binary radio pulsar PSR1913+16 was discovered by Hulse and Taylor as discussed by the authors, which stimulated an interest in using relativistic effects to calculate more details of this system.
Abstract: THE discovery of the first binary radio pulsar PSR1913+16 by Hulse and Taylor1 stimulated an interest in using relativistic effects to calculate more details of this system.2–4 It was shown, for example, that observations of the apsidal motion could allow the masses of the pulsar and its companion to be calculated. There are many mechanisms which could cause a secular change in the observed period of a binary pulsar (for example, mass exchange magnetic friction, electromagnetic radiation). Here we would like to discuss another possibility related to a change of orbital parameters of a pulsar in a binary system and we also estimate the effect of the emission of gravitational radiation on the period of the binary.
TL;DR: In this paper, a power series in R/L for free axisymmetric longitudinal oscillations of uniform circular cylinders of radius R and length L is used to compute the cross section for absorption of gravitational waves.
Abstract: Eigenfunctions and eigenvalues are calculated in terms of power series in R/L for free axisymmetric longitudinal oscillations of uniform circular cylinders of radius R and length L. These are used to compute the cross section for absorption of gravitational waves. Our results are compared with the Pochhamer-Chree solution and other approximate solutions. (AIP)
TL;DR: In this paper, the amounts of gravitational radiation produced in the interaction of photons with the static electromagnetic fields of some astrophysical objects are estimated for the Sun, Quasar 3C273, Seyfert galaxies NGC 1068 and NGC 4151, the Galactic Center, and neutron stars.
Abstract: Estimates are given for the amounts of gravitational radiation produced in the interaction of photons with the static electromagnetic fields of some astrophysical objects. These are the Sun, Quasar 3C273, Seyfert galaxies NGC 1068 and NGC 4151, the Galactic Center, and neutron stars.
TL;DR: In this paper, Braginsky and Mensky have described a novel gravitational wave detector based on a special "gravitational-electromagnetic resonance" in an annular waveguide.
Abstract: Braginsky and Mensky have described a novel gravitational wave detector based on a special “gravitational-electromagnetic resonance” in an annular waveguide. Their analysis is based on geometrical optics. If the configuration is analyzed as a perturbed boundary-value problem, however, no special resonance is evident. Nor does a more general cavity exhibit such a resonance. This paper concludes with a moral: When investigating the interaction of gravity and electromagnetism, one must be circumspect in applying the eikonal approximation.
TL;DR: In this article, the ac Langmuir probe on ESRO-1A has detected long wavelength structure in the topside ionosphere between ± 60° latitude in the dawn and dusk local time sectors, possibly generated by supersonic motion of the terminator, the equatorial electrojet, or energy deposited in the auroral regions during periods of magnetic disturbance.
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of neutrino radiation on the non-radial oscillations of a newly formed neutron star in a supernova explosion were examined and the damping times corresponding to a particular Neutrino production mechanism were evaluated.
Abstract: An investigation is conducted concerning the possibility that neutrino radiation rather than gravitational radiation may be the dominant way by which nonradial pulsations are damped out in a collapsing star. The effects of neutrino radiation on the nonradial oscillations of such objects are examined and damping times corresponding to a particular neutrino production mechanism are evaluated. The obtained results imply that neutrino radiation, by more rapid damping of the nonradial oscillations of a newly formed neutron star in a supernova explosion, would hinder gravitational radiation, thus reducing the possibility of its detection.