Showing papers on "Interview published in 2006"
TL;DR: This work examines less structured interview strategies in which the person interviewed is more a participant in meaning making than a conduit from which information is retrieved.
Abstract: BACKGROUND Interviews are among the most familiar strategies for collecting qualitative data. The different qualitative interviewing strategies in common use emerged from diverse disciplinary perspectives resulting in a wide variation among interviewing approaches. Unlike the highly structured survey interviews and questionnaires used in epidemiology and most health services research, we examine less structured interview strategies in which the person interviewed is more a participant in meaning making than a conduit from which information is retrieved. PURPOSE In this article we briefly review the more common qualitative interview methods and then focus on the widely used individual face-to-face in-depth interview, which seeks to foster learning about individual experiences and perspectives on a given set of issues. We discuss methods for conducting in-depth interviews and consider relevant ethical issues with particular regard to the rights and protection of the participants.
4,956 citations
01 Jan 2006
TL;DR: In-depth interviews should be used in place of focus groups if the potential participants may not be included or comfortable talking openly in a group or when you want to distinguish individual (as opposed to group) opinions about the program.
Abstract: In-depth interviewing is a qualitative research technique that involves conducting intensive individual interviews with a small number of respondents to explore their perspectives on a particular idea program or situation. For example we might ask participants staff and others associated with a program about their experiences and expectations related to the program the thoughts they have concerning program operations processes and outcomes and about any changes they perceive in themselves as a result of their involvement in the program. In-depth interviews are useful when you want detailed information about a persons thoughts and behaviors or want to explore new issues in depth. Interviews are often used to provide context to other data (such as outcome data) offering a more complete picture of what happened in the program and why. For example you may have measured an increase in youth visits to a clinic and through in-depth interviews you find out that a youth noted that she went to the clinic because she saw a new sign outside of the clinic advertising youth hours. You might also interview a clinic staff member to find out their perspective on the clinics "youth friendliness." In-depth interviews should be used in place of focus groups if the potential participants may not be included or comfortable talking openly in a group or when you want to distinguish individual (as opposed to group) opinions about the program. They are often used to refine questions for future surveys of a particular group. (excerpt)
1,480 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the advantages and disadvantages of face-to-face, telephone, e-mail and MSN messenger interviews are compared in the domain of virtual teams, where the authors used various communication possibilities to interview informants.
Abstract: Face-to-face interviews have long been the dominant interview technique in the field of qualitative research. In the last two decades, telephone interviewing became more and more common. Due to the explosive growth of new communication forms, such as computer mediated communication (for example e-mail and chat boxes), other interview techniques can be introduced and used within the field of qualitative research. For a study in the domain of virtual teams, I used various communication possibilities to interview informants as well as face-to-face interviews. In this article a comparison will be made concerning the advantages and disadvantages of face-to-face, telephone, e-mail and MSN messenger interviews. By including telephone and MSN messenger interviews in the comparison, the scope of this article is broader than the article of BAMPTON and COWTON (2002).
1,415 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss common conceptions of interviews as dialogues and the extensive application of qualitative research interviews in a consumer society, highlighting power asymmetries in interview relationships.
Abstract: The article discusses common conceptions of interviews as dialogues and the extensive application of qualitative research interviews in a consumer society. In the first part, an understanding of research interviews as warm, caring, and empowering dialogues is questioned by highlighting power asymmetries in interview relationships. Agonistic interview techniques, which play on contradictions and power differences, are outlined. The second part of the article points to the prevalence of dialogues as exercises of power in politics, management, and education. The third part outlines the interview production of knowledge for consumption in a postmodern society. The article concludes that recognition of power dynamics by the social construction of knowledge in interviews is necessary to ascertain objectivity and ethicality of interview research.
971 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that while a mixed mode interviewing strategy should be considered when possible, e-mail interviewing can be in many cases a viable alternative to face-to-face and telephone interviewing.
Abstract: This article summarizes findings from studies that employed electronic mail (e-mail) for conducting indepth interviewing. It discusses the benefits of, and the challenges associated with, using e-mail interviewing in qualitative research. The article concludes that while a mixed mode interviewing strategy should be considered when possible, e-mail interviewing can be in many cases a viable alternative to face-to-face and telephone interviewing. A list of recommendations for carrying out effective e-mail interviews is presented.
721 citations
TL;DR: This article presented an interview method which enables a person to become aware of his or her subjective experience and describe it with great precision, and used it to overcome the difficulties of becoming aware of one's subjective experience.
Abstract: This article presents an interview method which enables us to bring a person, who may not even have been trained, to become aware of his or her subjective experience, and describe it with great precision. It is focused on the difficulties of becoming aware of one’s subjective experience and describing it, and on the processes used by this interview technique to overcome each of these difficulties. The article ends with a discussion of the criteria governing the validity of the descriptions obtained, and then with a brief review of the functions of these descriptions.
475 citations
TL;DR: Results suggest that computer-mediated methods allow the research to include isolated, geographically dispersed and/or stigmatized groups who are often overlooked or ignored, important for social work researchers who need additional research methods to collect rich data about these difficultto-access groups.
Abstract: This article examines the use of computer-mediated recruitment and email intensive interviewing in contrast to more traditional methods of data collection. Email interviewing is compared to telephone and face-to-face interviewing with the same study population utilizing the same interview guide. This allows analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of each interview format to emerge. This serendipitous comparison opportunity arose from a study of the decision-making and bereavement process of women who terminated desired pregnancies after diagnosis of a fetal anomaly. History and analysis of ethical and methodological issues related to computerized communication for research purposes is included. Although more methodological analysis (Illingworth, 2001) must occur, results suggest that computer-mediated methods allow the research to include isolated, geographically dispersed and/or stigmatized groups who are often overlooked or ignored. This is important for social work researchers who need additional ...
308 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explored the methodological issues encountered when using email as a web-based interview in on-line qualitative research, drawing on two separate research studies that used this met...
Abstract: This article explores the methodological issues encountered when using email as a web-based interview in on-line qualitative research. By drawing on two separate research studies that used this met...
251 citations
TL;DR: The authors address issues of appropriateness, adequacy, representativeness, sample bias, data fraud, flexibility and consistency in interviewing, timing, elimination of the need for transcription, oral versus written communication, reliability and validity, and ethical concerns.
Abstract: In 2004, 111 million adults accessed the Internet looking for health and medical information. Qualitative researchers can apply long-standing principles of recruitment and interviewing to the Internet. The purpose of this article is to examine the theoretical and methodological aspects of Internet recruitment and e-mail interviewing. The authors address issues of appropriateness, adequacy, representativeness, sample bias, data fraud, flexibility and consistency in interviewing, timing, elimination of the need for transcription, oral versus written communication, reliability and validity, and ethical concerns. They include some practical suggestions on a research design for a qualitative study employing both Internet recruitment and e-mail interviewing.
233 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present an introduction to oral history that is extremely accessible and useful to both beginners and experienced oral historians, and provide guidance on framing questions, selecting equipment, and creating forms and a format for keeping information and materials well organized.
Abstract: Recording Oral History: A Guide for the Humanities and Social Sciences. second Edition. By Valerie Raleigh Yow (Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press, 2005. Pp. 416. Index. Cloth, $75.00, paper, $29.95). In this revised edition of her textbook, Recording Oral History, Valerie Yow presents an introduction to oral history that is extremely accessible and useful. The author's aim is larger than simply offering instructions on how to "record" interviews. Instead, Yow presents a cogent and clear synthesis that combines practical advice with consideration of many ethical, methodological, and analytical challenges that researchers may encounter. The book's chapters are divided topically in a manner that makes it easy for readers to find and read relevant information; a detailed table of contents and extensive index aid this effort. Individual chapters offer practical advice on topics such as "Preparation for the Interviewing Project," "Interviewing Techniques," and "Legalities and Ethics." Other chapters are more theoretical or scholarly, summarizing current thinking in the social sciences and humanities on topics such as "Interpersonal Relations in Oral History," "Oral History and Memory," and "Analysis and Interpretation." The remaining chapters are geared toward the researcher who seeks guidance on starting an oral history project focused on a community, an individual, or a family. A series of appendices contain examples of forms one might use in research and professional guidelines for interviewers. Throughout the text, Yow presents an overview that will be helpful to both beginners and experienced oral historians. For the novice, Yow includes detailed and practical information about how to conduct an interview and how to design and start an oral history project. She covers topics such as framing questions, selecting equipment, and creating forms and a format for keeping information and materials well organized. This information is suitable for use within a classroom or to direct independent researchers working outside a scholastic setting. Yow is a confident and accessible guide, drawing on her own extensive experience as an interviewer and researcher, as well as framing her advice within the context of the standards set by relevant historical organizations. Like these organizations, whose oral history guidelines are reprinted in the book's appendices, Yow urges interviewers to conduct broad, life history interviews, rather than those focused more narrowly on a single topic, and that they make arrangements to preserve their interviews in a suitable library or archive. Her instructions are framed with these expectations in mind. …
210 citations
TL;DR: Drawing on interviews conducted within an Australian study on chronic illness and disability, the authors explore the performative nature of the interview and how interviewers and interviewees respond to the structural factors shaping the social dynamics of the interviews to produce accounts of social life.
Abstract: Researchers have paid only limited attention to how social structural factors influence the course and content of interviews. Speech, comportment, and values inherent to gender and other social, structural, and contextual factors, such as age, socioeconomic positioning, and ethnicity, all influence the direction, flow, and content of interviews, informing how we might interpret the information collected in the process. Drawing on interviews conducted within an Australian study on chronic illness and disability, the authors explore the performative nature of the interview and how interviewers and interviewees respond to the structural factors shaping the social dynamics of the interview to produce accounts of social life.
TL;DR: Identifying reluctant disclosers and making more extensive efforts to build rapport before substantive issues are broached, or interviewing such children in more than one session, may help suspected victims disclose their experiences.
TL;DR: Notions of professional identity appeared central to many of the issues that emerged, and there were some indications of professional vulnerability among informants in relation to possible scrutiny of their practice or knowledge, though none reported a negative experience of the interview.
Abstract: Objective. Although health professionals are increasingly undertaking qualitative interviews with professional peers, there is little literature regarding the methodological implications of this pr...
TL;DR: A model of performance in job interviews that examines the mediating role of interviewing self-efficacy (I-SE; job applicants' beliefs about their interviewing capabilities) in linking personality and biographical background with interview success and the moderates role of locus of causality attributions in influencing the relationship between interviews success and subsequent I-SE.
Abstract: In this study, the authors developed and tested a model of performance in job interviews that examines the mediating role of interviewing self-efficacy (I-SE; job applicants’ beliefs about their interviewing capabilities) in linking personality and biographical background with interview success and the moderating role of locus of causality attributions in influencing the relationship between interview success and subsequent I-SE. The authors tested their model (over 5 months’ duration) with matched data from 229 graduating seniors, firms, and university records. Hierarchical regression analyses demonstrated I-SE mediated the effects of Extraversion, Conscientiousness, and leadership experience on interview success. Locus of causality attributions for interview outcomes moderated the relationship between interview success and subsequent I-SE. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
TL;DR: Characteristics of effective learning experiences in dental school using a qualitative method may have implications for individual course design and for the dental school curriculum as a whole.
Abstract: Students' views of their educational experience can be an important source of information for curriculum assessment. Although quantitative methods, particularly surveys, are frequently used to gather such data, fewer studies have employed qualitative methods to examine students' dental education experiences. The purpose of this study is to explore characteristics of effective learning experiences in dental school using a qualitative method. All third-year (seventy) and fourth-year (seventy) dental students enrolled in one midwestern dental school were invited to participate. Fifty-three dental students (thirty-five male and eighteen female; thirty-two third-year and twenty-one fourth-year) were interviewed using a critical incident interview technique. Each student was asked to describe a specific, particularly effective learning incident that he or she had experienced in dental school and a specific, particularly ineffective learning incident, for comparison. Each interview was audiotaped. Students were assured that only the interviewer and one additional researcher would have access to the tapes. Data analysis resulted in identification of key themes in the data describing characteristics of effective learning experiences. The following characteristics of effective learning experiences were identified: 1) instructor characteristics (personal qualities, "checking-in" with students, and an interactive style); 2) characteristics of the learning process (focus on the "big picture," modeling and demonstrations, opportunities to apply new knowledge, high-quality feedback, focus, specificity and relevance, and peer interactions); and 3) learning environment (culture of the learning environment, technology). Common themes emerged across a wide variety of learning incidents. Although additional research is needed, the characteristics of effective learning experiences identified in this study may have implications for individual course design and for the dental school curriculum as a whole.
TL;DR: This article examined the role of self-disclosure in the negotiation of category entitlement in interview interactions with young people. But their focus was on how an interviewer's attempts to do similarity may be interpreted as displays of similarity or indicators of difference by the participant, and map the implications that this may have for subsequent interview dialogue.
Abstract: Advocates of semi-structured interview techniques have often argued that rapport may be built, and power inequalities between interviewer and respondent counteracted, by strategic self-disclosure on the part of the interviewer. Strategies that use self-disclosure to construct similarity between interviewer and respondent rely on the presumption that the respondent will in fact interpret the interviewer's behaviour in this way. In this article we examine the role of interviewer self-disclosure using data drawn from three projects involving interviews with young people. We consider how an interviewer's attempts to ‘do similarity’ may be interpreted variously as displays of similarity or, ironically, as indicators of difference by the participant, and map the implications that this may have for subsequent interview dialogue. A particular object of concern relates to the ways in which self-disclosing acts may function in the negotiation of category entitlement within interview interactions.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The results of the study empirically establish that culture significantly affects the efficacy of structured interviews during international user testing as discussed by the authors, and that participants found more usability problems and made more suggestions to an interviewer who was a member of the same culture than to the foreign (Anglo-American) interviewer.
Abstract: A major impediment in global user interface development is that there is inadequate empirical evidence for the effects of culture in the usability engineering methods used for developing these global user interfaces. This paper presents a controlled study investigating the effects of culture on the effectiveness of structured interviews in international usability evaluation. The experiment consisted of a usability evaluation of a website with two independent groups of Indian participants. Each group had a different interviewer; one belonging to the Indian culture and the other to the Anglo-American culture. The results show that participants found more usability problems and made more suggestions to an interviewer who was a member of the same (Indian) culture than to the foreign (Anglo-American) interviewer. The results of the study empirically establish that culture significantly affects the efficacy of structured interviews during international user testing. The implications of this work for usability engineering are discussed.
01 Jan 2006
TL;DR: A decade later, an updated five-tier interview strategy is in the process of being implemented as the latest step in the evolution of police interviewing within the UK as discussed by the authors, which is designed to cater for officers at different stages of their careers and for dealing with different types of crimes.
Abstract: The interviewing of witnesses and suspects is a core function of policing across the world. In Britain, historically there was no formal interview training for police officers and officers learnt from watching others (Moston and Engleberg 1993; Norfolk 1997). The concept of training officers to interview witnesses was unheard of, confessions obtained from interviews with suspects were seen as the best evidence of guilt and ‘good’ interviewers were those who could persuade suspects to confess to crimes. In 1992, the Association of Chief Police Officers for England and Wales published the first national training programme for interviewing. This was designed to train police officers to interview both witnesses and suspects (Central Planning and Training Unit, 1992). It was known as the PEACE interview model (see p. 172). A decade later an updated five-tier interview strategy is in the process of being implemented as the latest step in the evolution of police interviewing within the UK. The strategy has built upon the foundation laid down by the PEACE model. It has developed the original single model into a more comprehensive approach drawn from academic research in the subject and fresh developments in the criminal justice system. The new approach is designed to cater for officers at different stages of their careers and for dealing with different types of crimes. Tier one is an introduction to interviewing for new police officers, probationers or police recruits. Tier two is a development of this and is aimed at more experienced officers engaged in dealing with everyday crime such as theft and The interviewing of witnesses and suspects is a core function of policing across the world. In Britain, historically there was no formal interview training for police officers and officers learnt from watching others (Moston and Engleberg 1993; Norfolk 1997). The concept of training officers to interview witnesses was unheard of, confessions obtained from interviews with suspects were seen as the best evidence of guilt and ‘good’ interviewers were those who could persuade suspects to confess to crimes. In 1992, the Association of Chief Police Officers for England and Wales published the first national training programme for interviewing. This was designed to train police officers to interview both witnesses and suspects (Central Planning and Training Unit, 1992). It was known as the PEACE interview model (see p. 172). A decade later an updated five-tier interview strategy is in the process of being implemented as the latest step in the evolution of police interviewing within the UK. The strategy has built upon the foundation laid down by the PEACE model. It has developed the original single model into a more comprehensive approach drawn from academic research in the subject and fresh developments in the criminal justice system. The new approach is designed to cater for officers at different stages of their careers and for dealing with different types of crimes. Tier one is an introduction to interviewing for new police officers, probationers or police recruits. Tier two is a development of this and is aimed at more experienced officers engaged in dealing with everyday crime such as theft and assault (similar to the original PEACE course). Tier three is designed to equip officers to deal with complex and serious crime and is an umbrella term encompassing separate courses for interviewing 1) suspects (see later for a full description); 2) witnesses (the enhanced cognitive interview: see Milne and Bull 1999 for a full description); and 3) witnesses who may be vulnerable or intimidated (Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999; Home Office and Department of Health 2001). Tier four deals with monitoring and supervision of the quality of interviews and tier five introduces the role of the interview co-ordinator for complex and serious crime. This chapter is concerned with what is now known as tier three suspect interviewing but what was previously described as ‘advanced’ interviewing.
TL;DR: In child sexual abuse cases, skillful forensic interviews are important to ensure the protection of innocent individuals and the conviction of perpetrators as mentioned in this paper, and several factors that influence disclosure during interviews, including both interviewer and child characteristics.
TL;DR: The present study shows that a short clinical assessment of cancer patients' spirituality is well received by both patients and physicians, and may be a helpful tool for addressing the spiritual domain, planning referrals and ultimately strengthening the patient-physician relationship.
Abstract: We conducted a phase-I study to test the practicability and usefulness of a short (15-30 min) clinical interview for the assessment of cancer patients' spiritual needs and preferences. Physicians assessed the spirituality of their patients using the semi-structured interview SPIR. The interview focuses on the meaning and effect of spirituality in the patient's life and coping system. Visual Analogue Scales (VAS) and Questionnaires were completed following the interview for rating whether SPIR had been helpful or distressing, and to what extent spirituality seemed important in the patient's life and in coping with cancer disease. Thirty oncological outpatients who all agreed to participate were included. The majority wanted their doctor to be interested in their spiritual orientation. Patients and interviewing physicians evaluated the SPIR interview as helpful (patients mean 6.76 +/- 2.5, physicians 7.31 +/- 1.9, scale from 0 to 10) and non-distressing (patients 1.29 +/- 2.5, physicians 1.15 +/- 1.3, scale from 0 to 10). Following the interview, doctors were able to correctly gauge the importance of spirituality for their patients. Patients who considered the interview as very helpful (VAS > 7) were more often female (P = 0.002). There were no differences between patients who evaluated the SPIR as very helpful and those who did not, as far as diagnosis, educational level or belonging to a religious community were concerned. The present study shows that a short clinical assessment of cancer patients' spirituality is well received by both patients and physicians. The SPIR interview may be a helpful tool for addressing the spiritual domain, planning referrals and ultimately strengthening the patient-physician relationship.
TL;DR: The authors have contributed significantly to an understanding of how social order is produced on a moment-by-moment basis using both EM and conversation analytic (CA) studies. But their work is limited to a single topic.
Abstract: Findings from ethnonmethodological (EM) and conversation analytic (CA) studies have contributed significantly to an understanding of how social order is produced on a moment-by-moment basis. Recent...
TL;DR: In this paper, a study of police interviews using an integrated approach, drawing on CA, CDA and pragmatics, is presented, focusing on the balance of power and control, finding that in particular the institutional status of the participants, the discursive roles assigned to them by the context, and their relative knowledge are significant factors affecting the dynamics of the discourse.
Abstract: This is a study of police interviewing using an integrated approach, drawing on CA, CDA and pragmatics. The study focuses on the balance of power and control, finding that in particular the institutional status of the participants, the discursive roles assigned to them by the context, and their relative knowledge, are significant factors affecting the dynamics of the discourse. Four discursive features are identified as particularly significant, and a detailed analysis of the complex interplay of these features shows that power and control are constantly under negotiation, and are always open to challenge and resistance. Further it is shown that discursive dominance is not necessarily advantageous to participants, due to the specific goals and purposes of the police interview context. A wider consideration of the context illustrates the contribution that linguistics can make to the use of police interview data as evidence in the UK criminal justice system.
TL;DR: The authors report the experience of in-depth interviewing about emotive topics from the perspectives of participants, finding that participants often found it difficult to discuss emotive issues, particularly soon after the actual event, but all found it helpful to be given the opportunity to talk about their experiences to someone interested in what they had to say.
Abstract: Aim. The aim of this paper was to report the experience of in-depth interviewing about emotive topics from the perspectives of participants.
Background. We both undertook qualitative, longitudinal studies investigating emotive topics using repeated in-depth interviews as the data collection method. Recruitment and some of the interviews took place at a potentially distressing time for participants, which raised concerns for us about issues relating to consent and the impact of the interviews on participants’ emotional well-being.
Method. At the end of the two studies, 55 participants were asked about their experiences of the recruitment and interview processes. The tape-recorded responses were transcribed verbatim. We both independently analysed the data before agreeing on the final thematic framework arising from participants’ accounts. The data were collected in 1998 and 1999 (Study 1) and 2003 and 2005 (Study 2).
Findings. Some participants had initial reservations about participating in the studies. The primary reason for consenting was altruism, i.e. a belief that their participation might somehow help other families. Many participants often found it difficult to discuss emotive issues, particularly soon after the actual event, but all found it helpful to be given the opportunity to talk about their experiences to someone interested in what they had to say. None of the participants had concerns about, or regretted, being interviewed.
Conclusion. Participants can find in-depth interviewing about emotive topics a helpful, even ‘therapeutic’, experience. However, the purpose of the research interview is not to intentionally offer any form of therapy and researchers need to recognize and carefully consider this potential outcome at an early stage of the research process. Researchers studying emotive topics should also be aware of the possible impact of participants’ experiences on their own emotional well-being.
TL;DR: This article investigated how structured interview formats, instructions to convey favorable impressions, and applicants' individual differences influenced the use and effectiveness of verbal and nonverbal impression management (IM) in a training program.
Abstract: This study investigated how structured interview formats, instructions to convey favorable impressions, and applicants’ individual differences influenced the use and effectiveness of verbal and nonverbal impression management (IM). Results from 190 people who were screened for a training program demonstrated that interview format affected the kind of tactics used, which in turn positively influenced interviewer evaluations. Behavior description interviews triggered self-focused (and defensive) tactics, whereas situational interviews triggered other-focused tactics. Instructions to convey a desirable impression also enhanced the use of specific tactics (self-focused and other-focused verbal IM tactics) and moderated the effects of individual differences on IM use. IM instructions did not affect nonverbalIM tactics, indicating that nonverbal behavior might be less intentionally controllable in selection situations.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provide an insider account of their own experiences of researcher interviewing and locate these experiences within two conceptual approaches: that of reflexivity and identity work, and investigate some of the distinctive concerns that arise when one researcher interviews another.
Abstract: Purpose – The aim of this paper is to highlight some of the issues that emerge in the researcher interview process. It is argued that researcher interviewing is becoming an increasingly used practice yet the researcher interview is under‐critiqued in the literature.Design/methodology/approach – The authors provide an “insider” account of their own experiences of researcher interviewing. Additionally they seek to locate these experiences within two conceptual approaches: that of reflexivity and identity work.Findings – The paper aims to investigate some of the distinctive concerns that arise when one researcher interviews another.Research limitations/implications – The paper outlines the implications for others who may be engaging in the process of interviewing researchers, and highlights further issues for consideration when planning a researcher interview study.Originality/value – The paper provides an analysis of a little considered, but expanding practice within qualitative research, namely the researc...
TL;DR: Interestingly, even after the child had provided an informative answer, interviewers continued to rely on focused and leading interviewing methods--in spite of a slight improvement in interviewing behavior.
Abstract: A number (n = 27) of investigative interviews with children were analyzed with a view to explore the verbal dynamics between interviewer and child. Different types of interviewer utterances and child responses were defined, and the interrelationships between these were explored. The effectiveness of different interviewer utterances in eliciting information from children as well as the type of utterance the interviewer used to follow up an informative answer by the child were investigated. Option-posing and suggestive utterances made up for more than 50% of interviewer utterances, the proportion of invitations being only 2%. Invitations and directive utterances were associated with an increase in informative responses by the child, the adverse being true for option-posing and suggestive utterances. Interestingly, even after the child had provided an informative answer, interviewers continued to rely on focused and leading interviewing methods--in spite of a slight improvement in interviewing behavior.
TL;DR: This paper analyzed participants' accounts of past research interviews and explored the implications of this for researchers' orientation to qualitative research interviews, concluding that the focus on what researchers do in an interview often obscures the reflexive engagement of all participants in the exchange and the potential for a variety of possible styles of interacting.
Abstract: Discussions of qualitative research interviews have centered on promoting an ideal interactional style and articulating the researcher behaviors by which this might be realized. Although examining what researchers do in an interview continues to be valuable, this focus obscures the reflexive engagement of all participants in the exchange and the potential for a variety of possible styles of interacting. The author presents her analyses of participants’ accounts of past research interviews and explores the implications of this for researchers’ orientation to qualitative research interviews.
Journal Article•
01 Jan 2006-Malaysian family physician : the official journal of the Academy of Family Physicians of Malaysia
TL;DR: In a survey, the researcher uses a questionnaire to gather information from the respondents to answer the research questions, and the design of the questionnaire is of utmost importance to ensure accurate data is collected so that the results are interpretable and generalisable.
Abstract: In a survey, the researcher uses a questionnaire to gather information from the respondents to answer the research questions. A questionnaire is a very convenient way of collecting information from a large number of people within a period of time. Hence, the design of the questionnaire is of utmost importance to ensure accurate data is collected so that the results are interpretable and generalisable. A bad questionnaire renders the results uninterpretable, or worse, may lead to erroneous conclusions. A survey can come in many forms: postal survey, telephone interviews, face-to-face interviews and internet surveys. Each type of survey requires a slightly different design. A self-administered questionnaire (e.g. postal survey) should have very clear instructions and questions, follow a logical order and avoid complex filtering. The respondents are more likely to answer truthfully without prompting from an interviewer. On the other hand, in an interviewer-administered questionnaire (e.g. face-to-face interview or telephone interview), the questions can be more complex as they can be clarified by the interviewers. However, the presence of an interviewer may “pressurise” the respondents to give “appropriate” rather than truthful answers. (copied from article)
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explore investigative interviewers' perceptions of their difficulty in asking open-ended questions and discuss the implications for trainers and researchers in child investigative interviewing, along with the implications of these themes.
Abstract: Best practice guidelines for conducting investigative interviews of children emphasise the importance of obtaining free narrative accounts with the use of open-ended questions. However, research indicates that most investigative interviewers underutilise open-ended questions, even following intensive training in their use. The aim of the current study was to explore investigative interviewers' perceptions of their difficulty in asking open-ended questions. During a training course on how to use open-ended questions, eight child abuse investigators were individually interviewed about why they had asked specific questions in a 10-minute mock interview conducted immediately earlier with a school child. Overall, three reasons were identified. These related to: 1. the specificity of the information required from children; 2. the unfamiliar nature of the open-ended discourse style; and 3. the complex distinction between open-ended versus specific questions. Each of these themes is discussed, along with the implications for trainers and researchers in child investigative interviewing.
TL;DR: It is suggested that providers can expect remote interviews to provide clinical information similar to that obtained by in-person interviews.
Abstract: Objective This study investigated whether the quality of results from video interviews is comparable with that of in-person interviews. Methods Interrater reliabilities for two video conference interview conditions were compared with those for in-person interviews with the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale-Anchored Version and the MacArthur Competence Assessment Tool-Criminal Adjudication, given to 72 forensic inpatients. The video conditions included in-person and remote interviewers. In the first condition, an in-person interviewer administered the instruments, with remote observation and scoring. The second condition entailed remote administration and an in-person observer. The third condition used an in-person interviewer and observer. Results Good to excellent reliabilities resulted from all conditions with intraclass correlations of .69 to .82. Conclusions Results suggest that providers can expect remote interviews to provide clinical information similar to that obtained by in-person interviews.