Showing papers on "Lime published in 2010"
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors compared the pozzolanic activity of metakaolin, silica fume, coal fly ash, incinerated sewage sludge ash and sand using the Frattini test, the saturated lime test and the strength activity index test.
Abstract: Assessment of the pozzolanic activity of cement replacement materials is increasingly important because of the need for more sustainable cementitious products. The pozzolanic activity of metakaolin, silica fume, coal fly ash, incinerated sewage sludge ash and sand have been compared using the Frattini test, the saturated lime test and the strength activity index test. There was significant correlation between the strength activity index test and the Frattini test results, but the results from these tests did not correlate with the saturated lime test results. The mass ratio of Ca(OH)2 to test pozzolan is an important parameter. In the Frattini test and strength activity index test the ratio is approximately 1:1, whereas in the saturated lime test the ratio is 0.15:1. This explains why the saturated lime test shows higher removal of Ca(OH)2 and why the results from this test do not correlate with the other test methods.
356 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a series of laboratory tests were conducted on a highly expansive clay soil treated with lime in order to study the lime-soil reaction over a short term and the progression of the pozzolanic reaction over longer term.
301 citations
TL;DR: The study on calcium-lignin bonding showed that calcium ions crosslinked lignin molecules under alkaline conditions, which substantially decreased lign in solubilization during pretreatment, but the resulting high lignIn contents of the pretreated biomass did not compromise the improvement of enzymatic digestibility.
181 citations
TL;DR: The physical properties, mechanical strength, and compatibility of lime mortar were found to be significantly improved by the introduction of sticky rice, suggesting that sticky rice-lime mortar is a suitable material for repairing mortar in ancient masonry.
Abstract: Replacing or repairing masonry mortar is usually necessary in the restoration of historical constructions, but the selection of a proper mortar is often problematic. An inappropriate choice can lead to failure of the restoration work, and perhaps even further damage. Thus, a thorough understanding of the original mortar technology and the fabrication of appropriate replacement materials are important research goals. Many kinds of materials have been used over the years in masonry mortars, and the technology has gradually evolved from the single-component mortar of ancient times to hybrid versions containing several ingredients. Beginning in 2450 BCE, lime was used as masonry mortar in Europe. In the Roman era, ground volcanic ash, brick powder, and ceramic chip were added to lime mortar, greatly improving performance. Because of its superior properties, the use of this hydraulic (that is, capable of setting underwater) mortar spread, and it was adopted throughout Europe and western Asia. Perhaps because o...
149 citations
TL;DR: The use of LD converter steel slags (coming from Linz-Donawitz steelmaking process) as aggregates in road construction can lead to dimensional damage due to a macroscopic swelling that is the consequence of chemical reactions as mentioned in this paper.
137 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an analysis of ranges of results for different lime-based mortars for old buildings external render, obtained in several studies, is presented, based on several studies car...
Abstract: External renders based on air lime are used in historical buildings as decorative and protective coats. They act as sacrificial layers, particularly exposed to climatic actions and mechanical and environmental impact. They generally present good cohesion and adhesion to the background, although often suffer some degradation as detachments, superficial cracks, or 'lacunae'. Render solutions specified today for old buildings repair are frequently incompatible with pre-existent materials and inappropriate for the specific situation, thus producing new pathology. The choice of adequate materials, formulation, and curing conditions of substitution mortars become crucial for the success of the conservation action. These mortars must meet functional and aesthetic requirements, to fulfill the principles of compatibility, maintaining buildings' integrity and durability. An analysis is presented of ranges of results for different lime-based mortars for old buildings external renders, obtained in several studies car...
129 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an experimental study was performed in order to obtain the mechanical properties of lime/cement treated soils, and the experimental results were used in a numerical analysis to understand the load transfer mechanisms in the piled earth platforms depending on the type of soil treatment, pile spacing and height of earth platform.
114 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors conducted a laboratory investigation of rutting resistance in WMA mixtures containing moist aggregates, and the experimental design included two aggregate moisture contents (0% and ~0.5% by weight of the dry mass of the aggregate), two lime contents (1% and 2% lime by the weight of dry aggregate), three WMA additives (Aspha-min, Sasobit, and Evotherm), and three aggregate sources.
Abstract: In recent years, rising energy prices and more stringent environmental regulations have resulted in an interest in warm-mix asphalt (WMA) technologies to decrease the energy consumption and emissions associated with conventional hot-mix asphalt production. In this study, the objective was to conduct a laboratory investigation of rutting resistance in WMA mixtures containing moist aggregates. Rut depth, weight loss, and gyration number of dry and conditioned specimens were measured for all of the mixtures. The experimental design included two aggregate moisture contents (0% and ~0.5% by weight of the dry mass of the aggregate), two lime contents (1% and 2% lime by weight of dry aggregate), three WMA additives (Aspha-min, Sasobit, and Evotherm), and three aggregate sources. Thirty-six mixtures were prepared, and 216 specimens were tested in this study. Test results indicated that the aggregate source significantly affects the rutting resistance regardless of the WMA additive, lime content, and moisture cont...
113 citations
TL;DR: Al-Mukhtar et al. as mentioned in this paper performed a series of laboratory tests performed on the lime treatment of a highly expansive and extremely plastic clay soil and evaluated the effect of a high curing temperature of 50°C on pozzolanic reaction progression, and consequently on soil behaviour.
103 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a study of lime-based mortars containing pozzolanic additions of metakaolin, sepiolite and white Portland cement was conducted to determine their performance as historic masonry conservation mortars.
101 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors compared the effectiveness of lime and gypsum as source measures to decrease P loss risk, as assessed by water extractions, in an incubation experiment with five contrasting soils.
Abstract: Phosphorus (P) loss from agricultural soils to water is a major contributor to eutrophication. In an incubation experiment with five contrasting soils, lime and gypsum showed potential as source measures to decrease P loss risk, as assessed by water extractions. Soils were incubated with lime to achieve a target pH of 6.5 and with gypsum at equivalent Ca rates for 108 days. P was added (17 kg P ha−1) as KH2PO4 in solution. Gypsum appears to have greater potential as a source measure, decreasing molybdate-reactive P (RP) solubility by 14–56% and organic P (OP) by 10–53% across all soils. RP and Ca may have precipitated or co-sorbed, and OP may have been stabilised in organic matter complexes due to the bridging effect of Ca and the flocculating effect of increased ionic strength. Greater effectiveness of gypsum may be due to its higher solubility and the fact that it increases Ca concentrations without increasing pH. Lime decreased RP solubility in two soils (by 4% and 20%) but increased solubility in two and had no effect in a third. The overall effect of lime may depend on several competing effects of raised pH and Ca concentration that may vary in importance depending on soil characteristics such as base cation and P status. For the highest P status soil, both lime and gypsum were effective, decreasing RP solubility by 4% and 15%, respectively. Targeted treatment of high P soils may be an effective and economical strategy to minimise P losses.
Book•
05 Nov 2010
TL;DR: The work practices shown in the photographs in this book may not comply with current Health and Safety Regulations as mentioned in this paper, and readers are advised to seek specific professional advice relating to their particular construction project and circumstances before embarking on any building work.
Abstract: Printed on paper sourced from responsibly managed forests. The author, publisher, Defra and NNFCC accept no responsibility, nor liability, in any manner whatsoever for any error or omission, nor any loss, damage, injury, or adverse outcome of any kind incurred as a result of the use of the information contained in this book or reliance upon it. Readers are advised to seek specific professional advice relating to their particular construction project and circumstances before embarking on any building work. Reasonable care has been taken to ensure the accuracy of the information in the book at the time of printing. Drawings and technical details are indicative and typical only and final detailing for any project remains the responsibility of the designer. Please note that some of the work practices shown in the photographs in this book may not comply with current Health and Safety Regulations. contents v list of illustrAtions vii foreWorD ix ABout tHe nAtionAl non-fooD crops centre (nnfcc) x AcknoWleDgements xi 1 introDuction 1 1.1 What are zero-carbon buildings? 1 1.2 Searching for alternatives 1 1.3 UK government policy 2 1.4 History of hemp building 4 1.5 An outline of hemp lime construction 4 1.6 Methodology of the study 5 1.7 Performance of hemp lime 5 1.8 Supply of hemp materials for construction 6 1.9 Glossary of terms 7
TL;DR: A soil column leaching experiment was used to gain insight into the long-term metal immobilization capacity of cyclonic ashes (CAH) compared to lime (LIME), with CAH + SS treatment delivering the strongest reductions in metal mobility and bioavailability.
TL;DR: In this article, the influence of different admixtures (water repellents, water retainers, polypropylene fibre and a viscosity modifier) on the pore size distribution of hardened specimens was assessed and related to the water absorption capacity.
TL;DR: In this paper, the shielding of γ-rays and fast neutrons by concrete has been studied for concretes containing different lime/silica ratios, and the total mass attenuation coefficients ( μ / ρ, cm 2 ǫg −1 ) have been computed at photon energies of 1-keV to 100-GeV using the personal computer software package WinXCom.
TL;DR: P pH was a key parameter to govern the removal mechanisms, i.e. adsorption/coagulation at acidic pH and precipitation at basic condition, and the overall removal efficiency was found to be independent to the operation conditions, resulting in more than 94% dye removal.
TL;DR: In this article, the changes in structure of lime wood (Tilia cordata mill) decayed by Trichoderma viride pers. have been investigated by FT-IR and 2D IR correlation spectroscopy.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used a 20kW downflow combustor, a low-pressure impactor and application of the aerosol fractionation method to quantitatively determine the fraction of metal sequestered by the sorbent at the sampling point.
TL;DR: In this article, different dosages of potato starch were added to aerial lime-based mortars in order to check its efficiency as a rheological modifier, and several fresh state properties of the mortars were studied: consistency, density, air content, water retention capacity, setting time and evolution when applied on support.
TL;DR: It was concluded that, in acid-soil temperate mountainous grasslands, moderate liming treatments have no negative short-term effects either on soil quality or botanical composition, while resulting in improvements in forage yield and nutritive value under some conditions.
TL;DR: In this article, the results of a laboratory investigation focused on the improvement of indigenous marl for its use as a road base material were presented to both characterize and quantify the strength and durability.
TL;DR: In this article, the characteristics of blast furnace slag (BFS) pastes activated with hydrated lime and gypsum were compared in relation to compressive strength, shrinkage, and microstructure (porosity, hydrated products).
Abstract: This article reports the characteristics of blast furnace slag (BFS) pastes activated with hydrated lime (5%) and hydrated lime (2%) plus gypsum (6%) in relation to compressive strength, shrinkage (autogenous and drying) and microstructure (porosity, hydrated products). The paste mixtures were characterized using powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) and thermogravimetric analysis (TG/DTG). BSF activated with lime and gypsum (LG) results in larger amounts of ettringite when compared with BFS activated with lime (L). Although the porosities of the L and LG mixtures were about the same, there was a greater pore refinement for the BFS activated with lime, with an increase in mesopores volume with age. The presence of ettringite and the higher volumes of macropores cause the compressive strength of BSF activated with hydrated lime plus gypsum to be smaller than that of BFS activated with lime. For both chemical activators, compressive strength developed slowly at early ages. Autogenous and drying shrinkage were greater for the BFS activated with lime, believed to result from the more refined porous structure in comparison with the mixture activated with gypsum plus lime.
TL;DR: In this article, a linear empirical relationship has been presented to estimate soaked bearing ratio from unsoaked bearing ratio of stabilized pond ash, and the empirical model has been developed to estimate the bearing ratio for the stabilized mixes through multiple regression analysis.
Abstract: Recycling of waste material is one of the effective solutions of its disposal problem. Fly ash produced by coal-based thermal power plants and phosphogypsum (PG) produced by fertilizer plants producing phosphoric acid as constituent of fertilizers, take huge disposal area and creates environmental problems. Stabilization/solidification of fly ash improves the engineering properties and reduces the environmental problem like leaching and dusting. This paper presents the laboratory test results of a Class F pond ash alone and stabilized with varying percentages of lime (4, 6, and 10%) and PG (0.5, and 1.0), to study the suitability of stabilized pond ash for road base and subbase construction. Standard and modified Proctor compaction tests have been conducted to reveal the compaction characteristics of the stabilized pond ash. Bearing ratio tests have been conducted on specimens, compacted at maximum dry density and optimum moisture content obtained from standard Proctor compaction tests, cured for 7, 28, and 45 days. Both unsoaked and soaked bearing ratio tests have been conducted. This paper highlights the influence of lime content, PG content, and curing period on the bearing ratio of stabilized pond ash. The empirical model has been developed to estimate the bearing ratio for the stabilized mixes through multiple regression analysis. Linear empirical relationship has been presented herein to estimate soaked bearing ratio from unsoaked bearing ratio of stabilized pond ash. The experimental results indicate that pond ash-lime-PG mixes have potential for applications as road base and subbase materials.
TL;DR: In this article, a microprobe and ICP-mass spectrometry on 61 elements were used to identify the starting mixtures of wood ash glass. But the majority of the wood ash glasses contain europium anomalies within the group of rare-earth elements (REE).
Abstract: Medieval wood ash glass classified as 6 early medieval wood ash glasses, 17 wood ash glasses, 5 early wood ash lime glasses, 7 wood ash lime glasses and 9 mixed alkali glasses has been analyzed by microprobe and ICP-mass spectrometry on 61 elements. Their calcium oxide to potassium oxide ratio (CaO/K2O) increases from early to late medieval glasses according to an increase of the proportion of twigs in the bulk amount of wood (logs plus twigs). Twigs because of their relatively large proportion of bark contain more calcium than wood logs. The ratio CaO/K2O of the glasses from not yet evaluated excavations can be used for dating. The observation that the 25 minor elements Be, Sc, V, Cr, Ge, Y, Nb, REE (La to Lu), Ta, W and Bi occur in almost equal concentrations in the five subtypes of wood ash glass makes it highly probable that these elements were introduced into the starting mixtures of the glasses by means of quartz from quartz-rich sand with heavy minerals. The majorities of the wood ash glasses contain so-called europium anomalies within the group of rare-earth elements (REE). Their Eu concentrations normalized to those of the Continental Earth's Crust are lower than the normalized samarium and gadolinium concentrations. These Eu anomalies are apparently inherited from the granitic source of quartz in the upper Continental Earth's Crust. Soda ash and soda lime glass as the other major types in the history of glass contain no Eu anomaly. Therefore a different source of quartz has caused this important element constellation for these glass types. The elements K, Cu, Rb and S are physiologically separated from Ca, P, Mn, Sr and B during the growth of the wood and bark, respectively, in the trees. Different sources of the metals Cu and Co were used for colouring the glasses of our report.
TL;DR: In this paper, the influence of the nanolime suspensions concentration on the carbonatation process, in relation to the residual water content too, is analyzed. But the authors focus on the effect of the suspension concentration on stones protective treatments.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this paper, the difference between the use of chemical grouts and the usage of them in the field is discussed and a comparison is made between the two methods in terms of their performance.
Abstract: Soil stabilization has become one of the useful solutions to treat the soft soils to achieve the required engineering properties and specification so that structures can be placed safely without undergoing large settlements. The use of admixture such as lime, cement, oils and bitumen is one of oldest and most widespread method for improving soil. When mixed with soil, it forms a material called soil-cement. The original technique known internationally as the deep mixing method (DMM). It is an in-situ soil treatment technology whereby the soil is blended with cementitious and/or other materials. Jet Grouting is suitable to be used as the injection method for the DMM. It utilizes a fluid jet (air, water and/or grout) to erode and mix the in-situ soft or loose soils with grout. Chemical stabilization is the effective method to improve the soil properties by mixing additives to soils.Usually the additives are cement, lime, fly ash and bituminous material. The chemicals usually used are sodium silicate, acrylamide, N-methylolacrylamide, polyurethane epoxy resins, aminoplasts, phenoplasts, lignosulfonates, among others. The choice of a particular chemical for soil stabilization will depend upon many factors like, purpose, soil strength desired, toxicity, rheology among others.This paper is aiming to show the difference between the some famous chemical grouts and the usage of them in the field.
TL;DR: In this paper, the porosity of old lime-based mortars is estimated using four well-known techniques, and the advantages and restrictions of each method are discussed in detail.
TL;DR: In this paper, the compaction and strength behavior of black cotton soil (BC soil) reinforced with coir fibers is described and the effect of aspect ratio, percentage fiber on the behavior of the composite soil specimen with curing is isolated and studied.
Abstract: This paper describes the compaction and strength behavior of black cotton soil (BC soil) reinforced with coir fibers. Coir used in this study is processed fiber from the husk of coconuts. BC soil reinforced with coir fiber shows only marginal increase in the strength of soil, inhibiting its use for ground improvement. In order to further increase the strength of the soil-coir fiber combination, optimum
percentage of 4% of lime is added. The effect of aspect ratio, percentage fiber on the behavior of the composite soil specimen with curing is isolated and studied. It is found that strength properties of optimum combination of BC soil-lime specimens reinforced with coir fibers is appreciably better than untreated BC soil or BC soil alone with coir fiber. Lime treatment in BC soil improves strength but it imparts brittleness in soil specimen. BC soil treated with 4% lime and reinforced with coir fiber shows ductility behavior before and after failure. An optimum fiber content of 1% (by weight) with aspect ratio
of 20 for fiber was recommended for strengthening BC soil.
TL;DR: A field experiment was conducted using Topehaehae silt loam soil (Aeric Haplaquent) in a dairy catchment area at Toenepi, Hamilton, New Zealand during late September-November 2003.
TL;DR: A combined reaction of hydration and carbonation takes place in hydraulic lime and lime-pozzolana mortars as discussed by the authors, and the degree and the order of these reactions are strongly influenced by the moisture content.
Abstract: A combined reaction of hydration and carbonation takes place in hydraulic lime and lime-pozzolana mortars. Hydration reactions are the first reaction and carbonation of lime is the complementary reaction in the strength gain. Competition between these two reactions can occur in lime-pozzolana mortars if the pozzolanic material has low reactivity with lime, leading to the consumption of lime by carbonation reaction. The degree and the order of these reactions are strongly influenced by the moisture content. Hydration reactions are enhanced under moist conditions while carbonation is delayed. Curing under dry conditions does not sufficiently increase their strength because the hydration reactions are slowed down or even terminated by the full carbonation of lime in lime-pozzolana mortars. The consequence of this on the mechanical properties of the mortars is remarkable while the same impact is not observed in their porosity. Such mortars require moist conditions to ensure sufficient strength development.