Showing papers on "Perspective (graphical) published in 2009"

Understanding the Links Between Social Support and Physical Health: A Life-Span Perspective With Emphasis on the Separability of Perceived and Received Support.

Abstract: Social support has been reliably related to physical health outcomes. However, the conceptual basis of such links needs greater development. In this article, I argue for a life-span perspective on social support and health that takes into account distinct antecedent processes and mechanisms that are related to measures of support over time. Such a view highlights the need to distinguish measures of perceived and received support and its links to more specific diseases (e.g., chronic, acute) and stages of disease development (e.g., incidence). I discuss both the novel implications of these theoretical arguments for research on social support and physical health, as well as the potential intervention approaches that are apparent from this perspective.

Marketing Management (13th Edition)

Abstract: Marketing Management is the leading marketing text because its content and organization consistently reflect changes in marketing theory and practice. It’s contains of 22 chapters talking about Marketing Management, Business Plan, Managing Communication and others. The thirteenth edition builds on the fundamental strengths of past editions that collectively distinguish it from all other marketing management texts: Managerial Orientation, Analytical Approach, Multidisciplinary Perspective, Universal Applications and Comprehensive and Balanced Coverage. Other features include new concepts, examples, guidelines, and developments as detailed in the following pages.

Adaptive water governance: assessing the institutional prescriptions of adaptive (co-)management from a governance perspective and defining a research agenda.

Abstract: This article assesses the institutional prescriptions of adaptive (co-)management based on a literature review of the (water) governance literature. The adaptive (co-)management literature contains four institutional prescriptions: collaboration in a polycentric governance system, public participation, an experimental approach to resource management, and management at the bioregional scale. These prescriptions largely resonate with the theoretical and empirical insights embedded in the (water) governance literature. However, this literature also predicts various problems. In particular, attention is called to the complexities associated with participation and collaboration, the difficulty of experimenting in a real-world setting, and the politicized nature of discussion on governance at the bioregional scale. We conclude this article by outlining a common research agenda that invites the collaborative efforts of adaptive (co-)management and governance scholars.

Caring for people with chronic conditions: a health system perspective

Abstract: This book focuses on a range of health system and policy issues related to caring for people with chronic conditions. Edited by the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine’s Ellen Nolte and Martin McKee, this book features contributions from twenty different authors based in five European and three non-European countries. This volume represents the newest addition to the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies Series, which “...seeks to contribute to the evolution of a more evidence-based approach to policy formulation in the health sector (p. v)”.

What Is Self-Specific? Theoretical Investigation and Critical Review of Neuroimaging Results.

Abstract: The authors propose a paradigm shift in the investigation of the self. Synthesizing neuroimaging results from studies investigating the self, the authors first demonstrate that self-relatedness evaluation involves a wide cerebral network, labeled E-network, comprising the medial prefrontal cortex, precuneus, temporoparietal junction, and temporal poles. They further show that this E-network is also recruited during resting state, others' mind reading, memory recall, and reasoning. According to these data, (a) the profile of activation of the E-network demonstrates no preference for the self, and (b) the authors suggest that activity in this network can be explained by the involvement of cognitive processes common to all the tasks recruiting it: inferential processing and memory recall. On this basis, they conclude that standard ways to tackle the self by considering self-evaluation do not target the self in its specificity. Instead, they argue that self-specificity characterizes the subjective perspective, which is not intrinsically self-evaluative but rather relates any represented object to the representing subject. They further propose that such self-specific subject-object relation is anchored to the sensorimotor integration of efference with reafference (i.e., the motor command of the subject's action and its sensory consequence in the external world).

An integrative review of employer branding and OB theory

Abstract: Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to review the existing literature linked to the emerging field of employer branding, with a view to adding insight from the perspective of the management of human resources.Design/methodology/approach – The approach taken entails reviewing books and academic journals from the area of marketing, organisational behaviour (OB) and business management. The review shows that research and theory from a range of fields can help add to one's knowledge of employer branding; these include areas of research that investigate organisational attractiveness to potential new recruits, research and writing linked to the psychological contract literature as well as work that examines organisational identity, organisational identification and organisational personality characteristics.Research limitations/implications – The main limitation of the review is that, while different areas and fields of research are being drawn on to help identify useful knowledge that can improve one's unde...

Emerging Intersections: Race, Class, and Gender in Theory, Policy, and Practice

Abstract: Emerging Intersections, an anthology of ten previously unpublished essays, looks at the problems of inequality and oppression from new angles and promotes intersectionality as an interpretive tool that can be utilized to better understand the ways in which race, class, gender, ethnicity, and other dimensions of difference shape our lives today. The book showcases innovative contributions that expand our understanding of how inequality affects people of color, demonstrates the ways public policies reinforce existing systems of inequality, and shows how research and teaching using an intersectional perspective compels scholars to become agents of change within institutions. By offering practical applications for using intersectional knowledge, Emerging Intersections will help bring us one step closer to achieving positive institutional change and social justice.

The Repair of Trust: A Dynamic Bilateral Perspective and Multilevel Conceptualization

Abstract: We investigate the repair of trust by examining the cognitive and interpersonal processes through which people resolve differences in their interpersonal beliefs. We begin by discussing the phenomenon of trust, the ease with which trust can be violated, and the challenge of trust repair. We then draw from an array of literature to develop a multilevel conceptualization of how trust repair may be pursued. Finally, we integrate these insights to identify three overarching implications for research.

Capabilities Unveiled: The Role of Ordinary Activities in the Evolution of Product Development Processes

Abstract: In contrast to the prevailing interpretation of capabilities as collectives, this inductive study of product development in a leading design firm highlights the centrality of the myriad ordinary activities that may shape the evolution of capabilities. A detailed comparison of 90 diverse product development processes over a 15-year period shows, first, that mindful microactivities carried out by individuals in and around the organization and at all levels of the organizational hierarchy are central in shaping the content of the product development capability and its dynamic adaptation. Understanding organizational renewal and competitive advantage may hence require a partial shift in focus from capabilities as aggregate entities, to the practical realities of core organizational processes. Second, this more fine-grained perspective leads to a set of insights on how organizational renewal may be partially shaped by timely managerial interventions aimed at encoding successful experiments into higher-level or...

The Heterogeneity of Socially Responsible Investment

Abstract: Many writers have commented on the heterogeneity of the socially responsible investment (SRI) movement. However, few have actually tried to understand and explain it, and even fewer have discussed whether the opposite – standardisation – is possible and desirable. In this article, we take a broader perspective on the issue of the heterogeneity of SRI. We distinguish between four levels on which heterogeneity can be found: the terminological, definitional, strategic and practical. Whilst there is much talk about the definitional ambiguities of SRI, we suggest that there is actually some agreement on the definitional level. There are at least three explanations which we suggest can account for the heterogeneity on the other levels: cultural and ideological differences between different regions, differences in values, norms and ideology between various SRI stakeholders, and the market setting of SRI. Discussing the implications of the three explanations for the SRI market, we suggest that there is reason to be sceptical about the possibilities of standardisation if not standardisation is imposed top-down. Whether this kind of standardisation is desirable or not, we argue, depends on what the motives for it would be. To the extent that standardisation may facilitate the mainstreaming of SRI, it could be a good thing – but we entertain doubts about whether mainstreaming really requires standardisation.

Information Retrieval: A Health and Biomedical Perspective

Abstract: Preface and Acknowledgments Section I Basic Concepts Chapter 1 Terms, Models, and Resources Chapter 2 Health Information Chapter 3 System Evaluation Section II State of the Art Chapter 4 Content Chapter 5 Indexing Chapter 6 Retrieval Chapter 7 Evaluation Section III Research Directions Chapter 8 Statistical Systems Chapter 9 Linguistic Systems Chapter 10 Other Research Section IV Special Topics Chapter 11 The Clinical Narrative Appendix Sample Documents of Indexing and Retrieval Index

In the eye of the beholder: Individual differences in perceived social isolation predict regional brain activation to social stimuli

Abstract: Prior research has shown that perceived social isolation (loneliness) motivates people to attend to and connect with others but to do so in a self-protective and paradoxically self-defeating fashion. Although recent research has shed light on the neural correlates of social perception, cooperation, empathy, rejection, and love, little is known about how individual differences in loneliness relate to neural responses to social and emotional stimuli. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we show that there are at least two neural mechanisms differentiating social perception in lonely and nonlonely young adults. For pleasant depictions, lonely individuals appear to be less rewarded by social stimuli, as evidenced by weaker activation of the ventral striatum to pictures of people than of objects, whereas nonlonely individuals showed stronger activation of the ventral striatum to pictures of people than of objects. For unpleasant depictions, lonely individuals were characterized by greater activation of the visual cortex to pictures of people than of objects, suggesting that their attention is drawn more to the distress of others, whereas nonlonely individuals showed greater activation of the right and left temporo-parietal junction to pictures of people than of objects, consistent with the notion that they are more likely to reflect spontaneously on the perspective of distressed others.

Levels of evidence Taking Neurology® to the next level

Abstract: When you pick up an issue of Neurology ® and scan its contents, how do you decide what to read? And how do you decide if what you read should change your clinical practice? The value of a scientific study can be assessed by a variety of objective and subjective measures and its value will depend on your perspective. Do you view the results as a researcher or as a practicing neurologist seeking the best evidence on which to make clinical decisions? Readers will naturally assess whether the article’s focus aligns with their interests, either investigative or care-based; whether the findings answer a question relevant to those pursuits; and whether the results are robust enough to serve as a definitive basis for informing their work. In short, readers will be assessing the strength of evidence presented. We might all agree in principle with the notion that the practice of medicine ought to be based on evidence; yet there are situations for which there is little to no evidence, and others for which the evidence is of varying strength. A simple standardized system that can organize the evidence would make such an assessment easier. At Neurology , we are dedicated to bringing our readers the most relevant and sound scientific research, focusing largely although not exclusively on human subjects. We also publish Practice Parameters and Clinical Guidelines that assess the primary literature and allow readers to see a summary of the strengths and limitations of those studies. In turn, those analyses …

Swarm Intelligence in Data Mining

Abstract: Devoted to novel optical measurement techniques that are applied both in industry and life sciences, this book contributes a fresh perspective on the development of modern optical sensors. These sensors are often essential in detecting and controlling parameters that are important for both industrial and biomedical applications. The book provides easy access for beginners wishing to gain familiarity with the innovations of modern optics.

Uses-and-gratifications perspective on media effects

Abstract: Media effects researchers try to isolate elements of the communicator, channel, or message that explain the impact messages have on receivers. One view of this process emanates from a mechanistic perspective and assumes direct influence on message recipients. A mechanistic perspective sees audience members as passive and reactive, focuses on short-term, immediate, and measurable changes in thoughts, attitudes, or behaviors, and assumes direct influence on audiences.

The Role of Doctoral Advisors: A Look at Advising from the Advisor’s Perspective

Abstract: The doctoral advisor is said to be one of the most important persons—if not the single most critical person—with whom doctoral students will develop a relationship during their doctoral degree programs (Baird 1995). However, we have limited knowledge regarding how doctoral advisors see their roles and responsibilities as advisors. Therefore, through in-depth interviews, we explored the perceptions of 25 exemplary doctoral advisors, who have graduated a large number of doctoral students, about their roles and responsibilities as advisors. We conclude this article with implications for doctoral education.

When You and I Share Perspectives Pronouns Modulate Perspective Taking During Narrative Comprehension

Abstract: Readers mentally simulate the objects and events described in narratives. One common assumption is that readers mentally embody an actor's perspective; alternatively, readers might mentally simulate events from an external "onlooker" perspective. Two experiments examined the role of pronouns in modulating a reader's adopted perspective when comprehending simple event sentences. Experiment 1 demonstrated that readers embody an actor's perspective when the pronoun you or I is used, but take an external perspective when he is used. Experiment 2, however, found that a short discourse context preceding the event sentence led readers to adopt an external perspective with the pronoun I. These experiments demonstrate that pronoun variation and discourse context mediate the degree of embodiment experienced during narrative comprehension: In all cases, readers mentally simulate objects and events, but they embody an actor's perspective only when directly addressed as the subject of a sentence.

The role of executive function in perspective taking during online language comprehension

Abstract: During conversation, interlocutors build on the set of shared beliefs known as common ground. Although there is general agreement that interlocutors maintain representations of common ground, there is no consensus regarding whether common-ground representations constrain initial language interpretation processes. Here, I propose that executive functioning—specifically, failures in inhibition control—can account for some occasional insensitivities to common-ground information. The present article presents the results of an experiment that demonstrates that individual differences in inhibition control determine the degree to which addressees successfully inhibit perspective-inappropriate interpretations of temporary referential ambiguities in their partner’s speech. Whether mentioned information was grounded or not also played a role, suggesting that addressees may show sensitivity to common ground only when it is established collaboratively. The results suggest that, in conversation, perspective information routinely guides online language processing and that occasional insensitivities to perspective can be attributed partly to difficulties in inhibiting perspective-inappropriate interpretations.

Closed‐Loop Supply Chains: An Introduction to the Feature Issue (Part 1)

Abstract: Closed-loop supply chains (CLSC) have product returns at the center of attention. Our view is that CLSC are best managed from a business perspective where organizations seek to maximize value recovery. The research in the feature issue, and our experiences, shows that there are still numerous, unresolved, managerially relevant issues that deserve further investigation. We also observe that there is a pressing need to validate the assumptions in our models using interdisciplinary, industry-driven research. The time is right for production and operations management to play a central role in the sustainability movement slowly taking hold in practice.

Juveniles Who Commit Sex Offenses Against Minors.

Abstract: in youth who commit sexual offenses has grown in recent years, along with specialized treatment and management programs, but relatively little populationbased epidemiological information about the characteristics of this group of offenders1 and their offenses has been available. The National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) offers perspective on the characteristics of the juvenile sex offender population coming to the attention of law enforcement.

Hand and paw preferences in relation to the lateralized brain.

Abstract: Hand preferences of primates are discussed as part of the broad perspective of brain lateralization in animals, and compared with paw preferences in non-primates. Previously, it has been suggested that primates are more likely to express a species-typical hand preference on complex tasks, especially in the case of coordinated hand use in using tools. I suggest that population-level hand preferences are manifested when the task demands the obligate use of the processing specialization of one hemisphere, and that this depends on the nature of the task rather than its complexity per se. Depending on the species, simple reaching tasks may not demand the obligate use of a specialized hemisphere and so do not constrain limb/hand use. In such cases, individuals may show hand preferences that are associated with consistent differences in behaviour. The individual’s hand preference is associated with the expression of behaviour controlled by the hemisphere contralateral to the preferred hand (fear and reactivity in left-handed individuals versus proactivity in right-handed individuals). Recent findings of differences in brain structure between left- and right-handed primates (e.g. somatosensory cortex in marmosets) have been discussed and related to potential evolutionary advances.

Statistical Learning from a Regression Perspective

Abstract: There has been a good amount of development in the area of linear models and regression analysis. Advancements in computing facilities have led to the development of alternative techniques of modelling based on the philosophy of regression analysis. The emphasis of such approaches is more on computational aspects, concepts and algorithms than on developing only the hard core theory. Several such techniques have been developed and became popular in the last decade under the purview of topics of statistical learning. The present book compiles some of the recently developed statistical learning techniques. The emphasis in the book is more on the applications of such techniques through computations rather than on their mathematical and statistical properties. Nevertheless, the necessary mathematical and statistical details accompany the applications but they are not discussed in detail. This book should be of interest to statisticians for a few reasons. Firstly, it gathers together various techniques of statistical learning in one place and explains how to use them. Secondly, the author is well versed with the developments in the area of regression analysis; see Berk (2003). So he has successfully bridged the gaps between analytical and computational developments related to regression analysis. The book will serve as a base for such topics for a long time in spite of the rapid developments in the field of statistical learning. A key feature of this book is that the regression function is used in terms of conditional distributions. The book is developed in eight chapters. The discussion in Chapter 1 presents the need and motivation for learning the tools that are alternative to traditional theory of regression analysis through several data-based examples and with various convincing arguments. Some underlying concepts of regression analysis that are needed for the development of theory in further chapters are also explained with minimal mathematical input. Next, Chapter 2 elaborates various aspects of regression splines and regression smoothers. It presents stepwise discussion on different types of splines and penalized smoothing, and addresses issues that are related to various methods of choosing smoothers with different type of variables along with illustrations. Chapter 3 deals with the issues, concepts and methodology of classification and regression trees. The trio of statistical learning procedures—bagging, random forests and boosting—are discussed in Chapters 4, 5 and 6 respectively. Each of these chapters presents motivation, reasoning for using the methodology, steps involved and related issues in detail. The topic of …

Revisiting the Concept of Practice: Toward an Argumentative Understanding of Practicing

Abstract: In recent years, the topic of organizational practices has come to the fore in organization studies. A practice perspective is meant to provide a new method for studying organizations beyond the fo...