Showing papers on "Plant physiology published in 2006"

Physiology of Crop Production

Abstract: * Preface and Acknowledgments * Chapter 1. Plant Canopy Architecture * Introduction * Plant Height * Tillering * Leaf Characteristics * Breeding and Management Strategies for Ideal Plant Architecture * Conclusion * Chapter 2. Root Architecture * Introduction * Root Morphology * Shoot-Root Ratios * Root Growth Parameters and Methods of Measurement * Root Distribution in Soil * Root Development Relative to Plant Growth Stage * Root Characteristics Related to Drought Resistance * Soil Environment * Management Strategies for Maximizing Root Systems * Conclusion * Chapter 3. Physiology of Growth and Yield Components * Introduction * Theory of Growth and Yield Components Analysis * Yield Components Analysis * Dry Matter Production and Grain Yield * Duration of Reproductive Growth Period * Duration of Grain-Filling Period * Management Strategies for Ideal Yield Components * Conclusion * Chapter 4. Photosynthesis and Crop Yield * Introduction * Crop Photosynthesis * Canopy Photosynthesis * C3 and C4 Photosynthesis * Radiation Use Efficiency * Leaf Area Index * Partitioning of Assimilates * Respiration During Photosynthesis * Management Strategies for Maximizing Photosynthesis * Conclusion * Chapter 5. Source-Sink Relationships and Crop Yield * Introduction * Source-Sink Transitions * Physiological Aspects of Source-Sink Relationships in Annual Crop Plants * An Example of Yield Manipulation Using Source-Sink Concepts Relative to Nitrogen and Crop Development * Relationship Between Sink and Respiration * Formation of Yield Sinks * Modification in Source-Sink Relationships with Cultivar Improvement * Management Strategies for Maximizing Source-Sink Relationships * Conclusion * Chapter 6. Carbon Dioxide and Crop Yield * Introduction * Total Carbon in Soils of the World * Carbon Dioxide and Plant Growth * Carbon Dioxide and Photosynthesis * Carbon Dioxide and Water Use Efficiency * Carbon Dioxide and Radiation Use Efficiency * Management Strategies in Sequestration of CO2 * Conclusion * Chapter 7. Physiology of Drought in Crop Plants * Introduction * Water Use Efficiency * Crop Yield Relative to Water Stress * Drought and Nutrient Acquisition * Drought Resistance Mechanisms * Management Strategies for Reducing Drought * Conclusion * Chapter 8. Physiology of Mineral Nutrition * Introduction * Root Morphology * Active and Passive Ion Transport * Ion Uptake Mechanisms * Ion Absorption Measurement * Ion Translocation from Roots to Shoots * Physiological Functions of Nutrients * Beneficial and Toxic Elements * Conclusion * Appendix. Plant Species * References * Index

Down co-regulation of light absorption, photochemistry, and carboxylation in Fe-deficient plants growing in different environments

Abstract: The regulation of photosynthesis through changes in light absorption, photochemistry, and carboxylation efficiency has been studied in plants grown in different environments. Iron deficiency was induced in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) by growing plants hydroponically in controlled growth chambers in the absence of Fe in the nutrient solution. Pear (Pyrus communis L.) and peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch) trees were grown in field conditions on calcareous soils, in orchards with Fe deficiency-chlorosis. Gas exchange parameters were measured in situ with actual ambient conditions. Iron deficiency decreased photosynthetic and transpiration rates, instantaneous transpiration efficiencies and stomatal conductances, and increased sub-stomatal CO2 concentrations in the three species investigated. Photosynthesis versus CO2 sub-stomatal concentration response curves and chlorophyll fluorescence quenching analysis revealed a non-stomatal limitation of photosynthetic rates under Fe deficiency in the three species investigated. Light absorption, photosystem II, and Rubisco carboxylation efficiencies were down-regulated in response to Fe deficiency in a coordinated manner, optimizing the use of the remaining photosynthetic pigments, electron transport carriers, and Rubisco.

Seed enhancement with cytokinins: changes in growth and grain yield in salt stressed wheat plants

Abstract: Cytokinins are often considered abscisic acid (ABA) antagonists and auxins antagonists/synergists in various processes in plants. Seed enhancement (seed priming) with cytokinins is reported to increase plant salt tolerance. It was hypothesized that cytokinins could increase salt tolerance in wheat plants by interacting with other plant hormones, especially auxins and ABA. The present studies were therefore conducted to assess the effects of pre-sowing seed treatment with varying concentrations (100, 150 and 200 mg l−1) of cytokinins (kinetin and benzylaminopurine (BAP)) on germination, growth, and concentrations of free endogenous auxins and ABA in two hexaploid spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars. The primed and non-primed seeds of MH-97 (salt-intolerant) and Inqlab-91 (salt-tolerant) were sown in both Petri dishes in a growth room and in the field after treatment with 15 dS m−1 NaCl salinity. Both experiments were repeated during 2002 and 2003. Among priming agents, kinetin was effective in increasing germination rate in the salt-intolerant and early seedling growth in the salt-tolerant cultivar when compared with hydropriming under salt stress. Thus, during germination and early seedling growth, the cytokinin-priming induced effects were cultivar specific. In contrast, kinetin-priming showed a consistent promoting effect in the field and improved growth and grain yield in both cultivars under salt stress. The BAP-priming did not alleviate the inhibitory effects of salinity stress on the germination and early seedling growth in both cultivars. The increase in growth and grain yield in both cultivars was positively correlated with leaf indoleacetic acid concentration and negatively with ABA concentration under both saline and non-saline conditions. The decrease in ABA concentration in the plants raised from kinetin-primed seeds might reflect diminishing influence of salt stress. However, the possibility of involvement of other hormonal interactions is discussed.

Salicylic acid-induced adaptive response to copper stress in sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L.)

Abstract: The ameliorative effect of salicylic acid (SA: 0.5 mM) on sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) under Cu stress (5 mg l−1) was studied. Excess Cu reduced the fresh and dry weights of different organs (roots, stems and leaves) and photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids) in four-week-old plants. There was a considerable increase in Chl a/b ratio and lipid peroxidation in both the roots and leaves of plants under excess Cu. Soluble sugars and free amino acids in the roots also decreased under Cu stress. However, soluble sugars in the leaves, free amino acids in the stems and leaves, and proline content in all plant organs increased in response to Cu toxicity. Salicylic acid (SA) significantly reduced the Chl a/b ratio and the level of lipid peroxidation in Cu-stressed plants. Under excess Cu, a higher accumulation of soluble sugars, soluble proteins and free amino acids including proline occurred in plants treated with 0.5 mM SA. Exogenous application of SA appeared to induce an adaptive response to Cu toxicity including the accumulation of organic solutes leading to protective reactions to the photosynthetic pigments and a reduction in membrane damage in sunflower.

Nitrogen Metabolism and Photosynthesis in Leymus chinensis in Response to Long-term Soil Drought

Abstract: Key enzyme activities related to nitrogen metabolism, gas-exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, and lipid peroxidation were determined in Leymus chinensis (Trin) Tzvel plants under four soil moisture regimes (control: 75%–80% of field moisture capacity, mild drought: 60%–65%, and moderate drought: 50%–55% as well as severe drought: 35%–40%) Severe drought significantly decreased the key enzyme activities of nitrogen anabolism such as nitrate reductase (NR, EC 1661), glutamine synthetase (GS, EC 6312), and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH, EC 1412) but increased the key enzyme activities of nitrogen catabolism such as asparaginase (AS, EC 6354) and endopeptidase (EP, EC 342411), especially after long-term soil drought Plant biomass, leaf-biomass ratio between the green leaf and total plant biomass, net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, the maximal efficiency of PSII photochemistry, the actual quantum yield, and the photochemical quenching were significantly reduced by severe water stress Plant malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration increased with the increase in water stress, particularly at the late-growth stage Our results suggest that the key enzymes of nitrogen metabolism may play an important role in the photosynthetic acclimation of L chinensis plants to long-term soil drought

Responses of Papaya Seedlings (Carica papaya L.) to Water Stress and Re-Hydration: Growth, Photosynthesis and Mineral Nutrient Imbalance

Abstract: The effects of water stress and subsequent re-hydration on growth, leaf abscission, photosynthetic activity, leaf water potential and ion content were investigated in papaya seedlings (Carica papaya L.) cv. “Baixinho de Santa Amalia”. Water stress was imposed by suspending irrigation during 34 days. Thereafter, plants were regularly re-watered. Drought arrested plant growth, induced leaf abscission and drastically decreased photosynthetic rate. However, leaf water potential was hardly reduced. Water deficit also induced sodium, potassium and chloride accumulation in leaves and roots, and did not modify nitrogen levels in both organs. Re-hydration stimulated growth, promoted emergence of new leaves, reactivated photosynthetic machinery function and reduced ion content to control levels. The results indicated that the ability of papaya plants to improve drought tolerance is not mediated through the reduction of leaf abscission, the detention of growth or the decrease of net CO2 assimilation. In contrast, the data suggested that under water stress conditions these plants appear to posses a certain capacity to increase ion content, which might contribute to osmotic adjustment.

A role for ethylene in the phytochrome-mediated control of vegetative development

Abstract: Members of the phytochrome family of photoreceptors play key roles in vegetative plant development, including the regulation of stem elongation, leaf development and chlorophyll accumulation. Hormones have been implicated in the control of these processes in de-etiolating seedlings. However, the mechanisms by which the phytochromes regulate vegetative development in more mature plants are less well understood. Pea (Pisum sativum) mutant plants lacking phytochromes A and B, the two phytochromes present in this species, develop severe defects later in development, including short, thick, distorted internodes and reduced leaf expansion, chlorophyll content and CAB gene transcript level. Studies presented here indicate that many of these defects in phyA phyB mutant plants appear to be due to elevated ethylene production, and suggest that an important role of the phytochromes in pea is to restrict ethylene production to a level that does not inhibit vegetative growth. Mutant phyA phyB plants produce significantly more ethylene than WT plants, and application of an ethylene biosynthesis inhibitor rescued many aspects of the phyA phyB mutant phenotype. This deregulation of ethylene production in phy-deficient plants appears likely to be due, at least in part, to the elevated transcript levels of key ethylene-biosynthesis genes. The phytochrome A photoreceptor appears to play a prominent role in the regulation of ethylene production, as phyA, but not phyB, single-mutant plants also exhibit a phenotype consistent with elevated ethylene production. Potential interactions between ethylene and secondary plant hormones in the control of the phy-deficient mutant phenotype were explored, revealing that ethylene may inhibit stem elongation in part by reducing gibberellin levels.

Are Mycorrhiza Always Beneficial

Abstract: In this work we evaluate whether the effect of ectomycorrhiza in the early developmental stages of symbiosis establishment is detrimental or beneficial to plant productivity and whether this effect is dependent on either N nutrition or plant age. Groups of Pinus pinaster L. plants with different ages and nutritional status were inoculated with alive or dead Pisolithus tinctorius. The plants were fed with either 1.9 mM or 3.8 mM ammonium as N source. Ectomycorrhiza establishment was monitored until 1 month after the inoculation through daily chlorophyll a fluorescence measurements and the analysis of fast fluorescence kinetics O-J-I-P, biomass increment and photosynthesis. Our results show that plants react differently to ectomycorrhiza formation depending on their age (stage of development, leaf area), their initial nutritional status, and the amount of nitrogen supplied. Mycorrhiza formation was found to constitute a stress depending on the plants' age. Increased availability of N softened or eliminated the negative impact of mycorrhiza formation. Only younger plants eventually developed a higher net photosynthesis rate when mycorrhizal. It is concluded that ectomycorrhiza formation may have a detrimental rather than a beneficial effect on plants' productivity during their establishment and early developmental stages, and that this depends on the amount of N available to the plant, on the nutritional status and on the age of the plant. Chlorophyll a fluorescence measurements proved to be a non-destructive, non-invasive and reliable tool able to identify the first signals of plant-mycorrhiza fungi interactions.

Effects of abscisic acid or benzyladenine on pigment contents, chlorophyll fluorescence, and chloroplast ultrastructure during water stress and after rehydration

Abstract: With the aim to contribute to the elucidation of the role of phytohormones in response of plants to adverse environmental conditions, seedlings of Phaseolus vulgaris, Nicotiana tabacum, Beta vulgaris, and Zea mays were supplied with water, 100 µM abscisic acid (ABA), or 10 µM N6-benzyladenine (BA) immediately before imposition of water stress (WS). In all four species, contents of chlorophylls (Chls) and carotenoids were markedly decreased during WS and after rehydration only in plants pre-treated with water but not in those pre-treated with ABA or BA. Contents of pigments of xanthophyll cycle increased during WS more in plants pre-treated with ABA or BA than in those pre-treated with water, but the degree of their de-epoxidation was highest in the later. Similarly, the efficiency of photosystem 2, determined as variable to maximal Chl fluorescence ratio, was not markedly decreased in bean plants pre-treated with ABA or BA in contrast to those pre-treated with water. The imposed WS was not severe enough to damage chloroplast ultrastructure. However, different changes in a size of starch inclusions were observed. In bean plants, the amount of starch increased considerably in plants pre-treated with water, while it decreased in BA pre-treated plants and no change was found in ABA pre-treated ones. The starch content declined under WS in sugar beet and tobacco plants but only moderate changes were found in ABA or BA pre-treated plants. Thus the application of BA and especially of ABA reduced the negative effects of subsequent WS.

Effects of rhizobia inoculation and nitrogen fertilization on photosynthetic physiology of soybean

Abstract: Plant growth, contents of photosynthetic pigments, photosynthetic gas exchange, and chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr. cv. Heinong37] were investigated after it was inoculated with Sinorhizobium fredii USDA191 or treated with 5 mM (NH4)2SO4 (N5) and 30 mM (NH4)2SO4 (N30), respectively. In the plants following N5 fertilization, not only plant biomass, leaf area, and Chl content, but also net photosynthetic rate (P N), stomatal conductance (g s), carboxylation efficiency (CE), maximum photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) of photosystem 2 (PS2), and quantum yield of PS2 (ΦPS2) were markedly improved as compared with the control plants. There were also positive effects on plant growth and plant photosynthesis after rhizobia inoculation, but the effects were much less than those of N5 fertilization. For N30 plants there were no significant positive effects on plant growth and photosynthetic capacity. Plant biomass, P N, and g s were similar to those of N-limited (control) plants. ΦPS2 and photochemical quenching (qP) were obviously declined while content of carotenoids and non-photochemical quenching (qN) were significantly enhanced in N30 treated plants. This indicated that excess N supply may cause some negative effects on soybean plants.

Enhancement of phenylpropanoid enzymes and lignin in Phalaenopsis orchid and their influence on plant acclimatisation at different levels of photosynthetic photon flux

Abstract: Effects of three levels of photosynthetic photon flux (PPF: 60, 160 and 300 µmol m−2s−1) were investigated in one-month-old Phalaenopsis plantlets acclimatised ex vitro. Optimal growth, chlorophyll and carotenoid concentations, and a high carotenoid:chlorophyll a ratio were obtained at 160 µmol m−2s−1, while net CO2 assimilation (A), stomatal conductance (g), transpiration rate (E) and leaf temperature peaked at 300 µmol m−2s−1, indicating the ability of the plants to grow ex vitro. Adverse effects of the highest PPF were reflected in loss of chlorophyll, biomass, non-protein thiol and cysteine, but increased proline. After acclimatisation, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, shikimate dehydrogenase, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) increased, as did lignin. Peroxidases (POD), which play an important role in lignin synthesis, were induced in acclimatised plants. Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and β-glucosidase (β-GS) activities increased to a maximum in acclimatised plants at 300 µmol m−2s−1. A positive correlation between PAL, CAD activity and lignin concentration was observed, especially at 160 and 300 µmol m−2s−1. The study concludes that enhancement of lignin biosynthesis probably not only adds rigidity to plant cell walls but also induces defence against radiation stress. A PPF of 160 µmol m−2s−1was suitable for acclimatisation when plants were transferred from in vitro conditions.

Auxin pretreatment promotes regeneration of sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrids) midrib segment explants

Abstract: We have developed a new, simple, quick and genotype-independent method for direct regeneration of sugarcane using novel midrib segment explants. Our protocol involves two steps: the pretreatment of starting material on MS (Murashige and Skoog (1962) Physiol Plant 15:473–497) medium containing 3.0 mg/l 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) for 8 days under continuous dark and subsequent transfer of the explants to MS medium augmented with 0.1 mg/l benzyladenine (BA) and 0.1 mg/l naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) under light-dark conditions. On the regeneration medium, numerous globular structures appeared from the explants and subsequently differentiated into shoots. Regenerated shoots attained 2–5 cm height within 30 days of culture initiation and readily rooted on MS basal medium. Hardened plants were successfully established in the greenhouse. The regulation of sugarcane morphogenesis by auxin pretreatment is discussed.

International Photosynthesis Congresses (1968–2007)

Abstract: 2005; Govindjee and Krogman 2004; Govindjee et al. 2002) of international congresses on photosynthesis that preceded the upcoming 14th international congress to be held in Glasgow (Scotland, UK) during 22– 27 July, 2007. This editorial is followed by an invited Announcement by Christine H. Foyer, Chair of that congress. We wish her good luck in organizing it, and it is our hope that everyone interested in ‘photosynthesis research’ will be able to attend it. The International Society of Photosynthesis Research (ISPR) (http: //www.photosynthesisresearch.org/) is the sponsor of these 3-yearly international congresses. Eva-Mari Aro (President), John Golbeck (Secretary) and Barry Osmond (Treasurer) extend their warm invitation to the entire photosynthesis community to join ISPR and to attend the next Congress in Glasgow (Aro et al., this issue). The late Helmut Metzner (Germany) had organized the first international congress on photosynthesis in Germany (1968), and the last one, the 13th international congress was organized by Robert Carpentier, Douglas Bruce and Art van der Est (Canada). A list of proceedings of all the past international congresses follows. 1968 H. Metzner (ed.) (1969): Progress in Photosynthesis Research, 3 volumes, 1807 pp, plus index. Proceedings of the First International Congress on Photosynthesis Research. Freudenstadt, Germany, June 4–8, 1968. Publication sponsored by International Union of Biological Sciences. H. Laupp Junior, Tübingen 1971 G. Forti, M. Avron and A. Melandri (eds.) (1972): Photosynthesis: Two Centuries after its Discovery by Joseph Priestley, 3 volumes, 2745 pp, plus index. Proceedings of the Second International Congress on Photosynthesis Research, Stresa, Italy, June 24–29, 1971. Junk, The Hague 1974 M. Avron (ed.) (1975): Primary Reactions and Electron Transport (volume 1); Bioenergetics and carbon Metabolism (volume 2) and Develpoment and organization (volume 3), 2194 pp, plus index. Proceedings of the Third International Congress on Photosynthesis Research, Rehovot, Israel, 1974. Elsevier, Amsterdam 1977 D.O. Hall , J. Coombs and T.W. Goodwin (eds.) (1978): Photosynthesis 77, 1 volume, 821 pp, plus index. (This is the only proceedings that did not include all the papers, only the symposia papers.) Proceedings of the Fourth International Congress on Photosynthesis Research, Reading, United Kingdom, September 4–9, 1977. The Biochemical Society, London Govindjee (&) Historical Corner Editor, Photosynthesis Research, Department of Biochemistry, Department of Plant Biology, and Center of Biophysics and Computational Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 265 Morrill Hall, 505 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801-3707, USA e-mail: gov@life.uiuc.edu http://www.life.uiuc.edu/govindjee

Carboxylating enzymes and carbonic anhydrase functions were suppressed by zinc deficiency in maize and chickpea plants

Abstract: Maize and chickpea plants were grown in a controlled environment with 0.5 M Zn or without Zn and various photosynthetic reactions were studied. The chlorophyll level, the rate of photosynthesis and photosystem II activity, the activity of carboxylating enzymes and that of carbonic anhydrase were suppressed by Zn deficiency in both plant species. Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) was quantified using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Growing plants in a medium without Zn caused a decrease in the total protein level and in the levels of large and small subunits of Rubisco.

Effect of salt stress on antioxidant system of plants as related to nitrogen nutrition

Abstract: In plants of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown in the media with nitrate (NO3− plants), ammonium (NH4+ plants), and without nitrogen (N-deficient plants), the response to oxidative stress induced by the addition of 300 mM NaCl to the nutrient solution was investigated. Three-day-long salinization induced chlorophyll degradation and accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the leaves. These signs of oxidative stress were clearly expressed in NO3− and N-deficient plants and weakly manifested in NH4+ plants. In none of the treatments, salinization induced the accumulation of MDA in the roots. Depending on the conditions of N nutrition, salt stress was accompanied by diverse changes in the activity of antioxidant enzymes in the leaves and roots. Resistance of leaves of NH4+ plants to oxidative stress correlated with a considerable increase in the activities of ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione reductase. Thus, wheat plants grown on the NH4+-containing medium were more resistant to the development of oxidative stress in the leaves than those supplied with nitrate.

Comparison of effects of bacterial strains differing in their ability to synthesize cytokinins on growth and cytokinin content in wheat plants

Abstract: The content of cytokinins and pigments together with the morphological parameters and fresh weight were estimated in durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) plants 2–4 days after introduction into their rhizosphere of an aliquot of Bacillus suspension using the strains that differed in their ability of producing cytokinins. The experiments were performed under laboratory conditions at the optimum light intensity and mineral nutrition. Inoculation with microorganisms incapable to synthesize cytokinins did not affect the total cytokinin content in the wheat plants, whereas the presence of cytokinin-producing microorganisms in the rhizosphere was accompanied by a considerable increase in the total cytokinin content and the accumulation of individual hormones. On the second day after inoculation, a dramatic increase in zeatin riboside and zeatin O-glucoside contents was observed in the roots, and at the next day the accumulation of zeatin riboside and zeatin was registered in the shoots of treated plants. The increase in cytokinin content promoted plant growth (the increased leaf length and width and a faster accumulation of plant fresh and dry weight). Plant treatment with a substance obtained from microorganisms incapable to synthesize hormones resulted in the insignificant growth stimulation. Plant treatment with a substance obtained from cytokinin-producing microorganisms increased leaf chlorophyll content; in this case, the level of chlorophylls was comparable to that observed in the plants treated with a synthetic cytokinin benzyladenine. The role of cytokinins of microbial origin as a factor providing for growth-stimulating effect of bacteria on plants is discussed.

The role of low intensity red luminescent radiation in the control of Arabidopsis thaliana morphogenesis and hormonal balance

Abstract: The effects of low intensity red luminescent radiation emitted by the polyethylene light-correcting film due to the conversion of UV-A radiation on Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. morphogenesis and hormonal balance were studied. Wild-type Ler plants and two mutants, hy3 and hy4, displaying disturbances in the synthesis of phytochrome B and cryptochrome 1, respectively, were compared. In wild-type and hy4 plants grown under the light-correcting film, growth and development were substantially accelerated, whereas, in hy3 plants, they were retarded. These changes were correlated with changes in the levels of endogenous hormones, both growth activators and inhibitors. We concluded that low intensity red luminescent radiation affected the plant hormonal balance. In its turn, the changes in the hormone ratios, growth stimulators and inhibitors, affected the rate of plant growth and their productivity.

Discoveries in Photosynthesis, Volume 20, Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration

Abstract: (1). Molecular Biology of Cyanobacteria (Donald A. Bryant, editor, 1994); (2). Anoxygenic Photosynthetic Bacteria (Robert E. Blankenship, Michael T. Madigan and Carl E. Bauer, editors, 1995); (3). Biophysical Techniques in Photosynthesis (Jan Amesz and Arnold J. Hoff , editors, 1996); (4). Oxygenic Photosynthesis: The Light Reactions (Donald R. Ort and Charles F. Yocum, editors, 1996); (5). Photosynthesis and the Environment (Neil R. Baker, editor, 1996); (6). Lipids in Photosynthesis: Structure, Function and Genetics (Paul-André Siegenthaler and Norio Murata, editors, 1998); (7). The Molecular Biology of Chloroplasts and Mitochondria in Chlamydomonas (Jean David Rochaix, Michel Goldschmidt-Clermont and Sabeeha Merchant, editors, 1998); (8). The Photochemistry of Carotenoids (Harry A. Frank, Andrew J. Young, George Britton and Richard J. Cogdell, editors, 1999); (9). Photosynthesis: Physiology and Metabolism (Richard C. Leegood, Thomas D. Sharkey and Susanne von Caemmerer, editors, 2000); (10). Photosynthesis: Photobiochemistry and Photobiophysics (Bacon Ke, author, 2001); (11). Regulation of Photosynthesis (Eva-Mari Aro and Bertil Andersson, editors, 2001); (12). Photosynthetic Nitrogen Assimilation and Associated Carbon and Respiratory Metabolism (Christine Foyer and Graham Noctor, editors, 2002); (13). Light Harvesting Antennas (Beverley Green and William Parson, editors, 2003); (14). Photosynthesis in Algae (Anthony Larkum, Susan Douglas and John Raven, editors, 2003); (15). Respiration in Archaea and Bacteria: Diversity of Prokaryotic Electron Transport Carriers (Davide Zannoni, editor, 2004); (16). Respiration in Archaea and Bacteria: Diversity of Prokaryotic Respiratory System (Davide Zannoni, editor, 2004); (17). Plant Mitochondria: From Genome to Function (David A. Day, Harvey Millar and James Whelan, editors, 2004); (18). Plant Respiration. From Cell to Ecosystem (Hans Lambers and Miquel Ribas-Carbo, editors, 2004); and (19). Chlorophyll a Fluorescence: A Signature of Photosynthesis (George C. Papageorgiou and Govindjee, editors, 2004).

Advances in plant proteomics. II. Application of proteome techniques to plant biology research

Abstract: Proteome techniques have widely been applied to the fields of plant genetics, plant development, and plant physiology and ecology to investigate plant genetic diversity, plant development such as seed maturation and germination processes, differentiation of plant tissue and organ, separation and functional identification of novel component of various organells, mechanisms of plant adapted to abiotic or biotic stresses including high temperature, low temperature, high salt, drought, and pathogens and insects, and interaction of plant with microbe. The prospects of plant proteomics are discussed.

Inhibition of Ethylene Biosynthesis Enhances Vegetative Bud Formation without Affecting Growth and Development of Transgenic Tobacco Plants

Abstract: The role of ethylene in vegetative bud formation was investigated using transgenic tobacco plants expressing an antisense tomato 1-aminocyclopropane-carboxylic acid synthase (ACS) gene Northern blot hybridization showed that the accumulation of ACS mRNA was strongly reduced in the bud-forming leaf explants of the transgenic plants Consequently, these transgenic tissues exhibited low ACS enzyme activity, 1-aminocyclopropane-carboxylic acid (ACC) content and ethylene production, and at the same time the tissue capacity to generate buds was greatly enhanced However, it was also noted that the antisense ACS gene did not inhibit the endogenous ACS gene expression in intact transgenic tobacco plants The growth and development of the transgenic tobacco was almost identical to control plants with respect to height, internode number, leaf morphology, and flowering time Furthermore, mature leaves of transgenic tobacco had similar chlorophyll content, stomatal conductance, photosynthetic ability, and transpiration rates compared to control plants These results demonstrated that ethylene plays an important role in bud formation in tobacco tissue culture

Фотосинтез и дыхание плодовых органов у хлопчатника

Abstract: Gas exchange (photosynthesis and respiration) of cotton bolls (without bracts) were measured after flowering in fruit growth (bolls age 10, 20, 30 day) in field-grown upland cotton by chambers were constructed from plastic glass at the Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetic using infra-red gas analyzers. Its shown that CO2 fixed by the green bolls was only about 8-10% from total photosynthesis by all the leaves.

Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration , Volume 23: Structure and Function of Plastids

Abstract: vances in Photosynthesis and Respiration (AIPH) Series, of The Structure and Function of Plastids, a book covering the central role of plastids for life on earth. It deals with both the structure and the function of these unique organelles, particularly of chloroplasts. Two distinguished authorities have edited this volume: Robert R. Wise of the University of Wisconsin at Oshkosh, Wisconsin, and J. Kenneth Hoober of the Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona. Two of the earlier AIPH volumes have included descriptions of plastids: Volume 7 (The Molecular Biology of Chloroplasts and Mitochondria in Chlamydomonas, edited by Jean-David Rochaix, Michel Goldschmidt-Clermont and Sabeeha Merchant); and Volume 14 (Photosynthesis in Algae, edited by Anthony Larkum, Susan Douglas, and John Raven). The current volume follows the 22 volumes listed below.

Enhancement of NADP-malic enzyme in transgenic rice induced the accumulation of reactive oxygen species

Abstract: It had been demonstrated that the photosynthetic photodamage, such as photoinhibition and photooxidation, was enhanced in transgenic rice plants overexpressing NADP-malic enzyme (ME) However, its physiological base has not been investigated In order to elucidate the physiological elements contributed to the enhancement of photodamage in NADP-ME transgenic rice plants, some physiological indices related to reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation were studied using the T1 progeny of transgenic rice plants The results showed that more ROS such as O 2 − and H2O2 were accumulated in transgenic rice plants, which enhanced photooxidation, while the accumulation of malondialdehyde in transgenic rice plants was not evident as compared with the wild-type plants The measurement of NADPH/NADP ratios in leaves showed that transgenic rice plants had a higher ratio than untransformed rice plants Based on these data, we speculated that overexpression of NADP-ME led to the deficiency of NADP and overreduction of photosystem I, which induced the accumulation of ROS in the transgenic rice plants, and just ROS were accounted for plant sensitivity to photooxidation