Showing papers on "Polygonum published in 2014"

Volatile Profiling of Aromatic Traditional Medicinal Plant, Polygonum minus in Different Tissues and Its Biological Activities

Abstract: The aim of this research was to identify the volatile metabolites produced in different organs (leaves, stem and roots) of Polygonum minus, an important essential oil producing crop in Malaysia. Two methods of extraction have been applied: Solid Phase Microextraction (SPME) and hydrodistillation coupled with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Approximately, 77 metabolites have been identified and aliphatic compounds contribute significantly towards the aroma and flavour of this plant. Two main aliphatic compounds: decanal and dodecanal were found to be the major contributor. Terpenoid metabolites were identified abundantly in leaves but not in the stem and root of this plant. Further studies on antioxidant, total phenolic content, anticholinesterase and antimicrobial activities were determined in the essential oil and five different extracts. The plant showed the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity in polar (ethanol) extract for all the tissues tested. For anti-acetylcholinesterase activity, leaf in aqueous extract and methanol extract showed the best acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities. However, in microbial activity, the non-polar extracts (n-hexane) showed high antimicrobial activity against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) compared to polar extracts. This study could provide the first step in the phytochemical profiles of volatile compounds and explore the additional value of pharmacology properties of this essential oil producing crop Polygonum minus.

Anti-inflammatory effects of Polygonum minus (Huds) extract (Lineminus™) in in-vitro enzyme assays and carrageenan induced paw edema.

Abstract: The study was aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Polygonum minus (Huds) using in vitro and in vivo approaches. The in vitro tests used to evaluate ethanolic extract are cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), lipooxygenase (5-LOX), secretory phospholipase-A2 (sPLA2) inhibition assay whilst the in-vivo effect was measured by the ability of aqueous extracts to reduce paw edema induced by λ-carrageenan, in rats. The ethanolic extract inhibited the activities of 5-LOX and COX-1(p < 0.05) whilst the inhibitory effect on COX-2 was only moderate. A marked inhibition of 5-LOX was observed at 30 μg/ ml. The extract did not inhibit the activity of sPLA2. The ability of the ethanolic extracts of Polygonum minus to inhibit both 5-LOX and COX, prompted a study to evaluate the effects of using an aqueous extract of Polygonum minus ( LineminusTM); as this would be more suitable for future clinical testing. The anti-inhibitory activity of the aqueous extract from this plant was evaluated using a rat model where inflammation was induced in the paws by injection of λ-carrageenan. The aqueous extracts from Polygonum minus administered at doses of 100 and 300 mg/kg body weight (b.w.), significantly (p < 0.01) reduced paw edema induced by λ-carrageenan in the experimental model, at 4 h compared to the vehicle control. Furthermore, administration of 100 mg/kg b.w. or 300 mg/kg b.w. completely reduced inflammation of the paw 4 h after injection. These findings suggest that aqueous extract of Polygonum minus possesses potent anti-inflammatory activities.

Impacts of invasive riparian knotweed on litter decomposition, aquatic fungi, and macroinvertebrates.

Abstract: Bohemian knotweed (Polygonum × bohemicum), the hybrid between Japanese and giant knotweed, is the most common invasive knotweed species in western North America and the most difficult to control. Invasive knotweed congeners spread aggressively along streams and establish dense monotypic stands, reducing riparian plant species diversity. Allochthonous organic matter inputs from riparian plants are an important source of energy and nutrients for organisms in small streams. However, little information exists concerning the influence of knotweed on stream processes. This study examines the quality of Bohemian knotweed leaves compared to native red alder and black cottonwood leaves, along with leaf-associated fungal biomass accumulation, macroinvertebrate communities, and decay rates from three forested streams in western Washington State. Senesced knotweed leaves were lower in nitrogen and phosphorus, and higher in cellulose, fiber, and lignin content than alder leaves, but were more similar to cottonwood leaves. Fungal biomass differed among species and changed over time. Macroinvertebrate shredders collected from leaf packs after 31 days were proportionately more abundant on alder leaves than knotweed and cottonwood. Decay rates were not significantly different among leaf species, but during the first 31 days alder broke down faster than knotweed. After 56 days, all of the leaf packs were mostly decomposed. Overall, these findings do not show major discrepancies between leaf species except those related to initial litter structural and chemical quality. However, changes in the timing and quantity of litter inputs are also important factors to be considered in understanding the impact of invasive knotweed on stream ecosystem processes.

The screening of potential α-glucosidase inhibitors from the Polygonum multiflorum extract using ultrafiltration combined with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

Abstract: α-Glucosidase inhibitors have been used for the management of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) for a long time. The natural α-glucosidase inhibitors from Chinese herbal medicine have become an attractive therapeutic approach for treating T2DM due to their low toxicity. In this study, a new kind of in vitro α-glucosidase inhibition assay based on using maltose as the substrate was developed, and this new established method was used to determine the α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of Polygonum multiflorum and four anthraquinone compounds. As a result, Polygonum multiflorum showed 50% α-glucosidase inhibition at the concentration of 0.0032 mg mL−1 and four anthraquinone compounds including emodin, aloe-emodin, physcion and rhein showed strong α-glucosidase inhibitory activities with IC50 values ranging from 4.12 μM to 5.68 μM, respectively. Moreover, the centrifugal ultrafiltration with LC-ESI-MSn was used to screen and identify active α-glucosidase inhibitors from Polygonum multiflorum extract and nine small-molecule active compounds were successfully identified as potential α-glucosidase inhibitors. Five compounds belonged to the anthraquinone group including emodin, physcion, aloe-emodin, rhein and physcion-8-O-glucoside, while the others were catechin, resveratrol, 2,3,5,4′-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-glucoside and torachryson-8-O-glucoside.

The genus polygonum (polygonaceae): an ethnopharmacological and phytochemical perspectives -review

Abstract: The genus Polygonum (Polygonaceae), comprising about 300 species, is distributed worldwide, mostly in north temperate climates, is interesting from both biological and phytochemical perspectives. In this review, a contemporary summary of biological and pharmacological investigate on Polygonum species will be presented and critically evaluated. Significant findings in the treatment various diseases such as snake-bites, inflammatory, anticancer, antibacterial, antivirus, antiseptic, antifungal, diabetic, hypertension, hyperlipemia, jaundice, hemorrhage, cough, fever, ulcers, skin affections, anemia, diarrhea and various urologic disorders, have been presented in ethnobotanical reports and recent studies were performed on ethanol extracts for certain Polygonum species. Polygonum, the most important constituent isolated is known to possess anticancer activity. Very few additional data are available on the biological activities and cytotoxicity of pure compounds from Polygonum. Twenty-nine distinguished species of Polygonum have been reported in scientific literature as ethnobotanically used or phytochemically investigated. However, information about a chemical outline is available only for few species. The following review gives a critical assessment of the literature to date and aims to show that the pharmaceutical potential of this genus has been underestimated and deserves closer attention.

Polygonumosides A–D, Stilbene Derivatives from Processed Roots of Polygonum multiflorum

Abstract: Four new stilbene derivatives, polygonumosides A-D (1-4), were isolated from the processed roots of Polygonum multiflorum. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis, including 1D and 2D NMR and ECD. Polygonumosides A (1) and B (2), possessing an unprecedented tetracyclic skeleton, were assigned as 2S- and 2R-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-9,10,11-trihydroxy-2H-benzo[c]furo[2,3-f]chromen-7(3H)-one-4-O-β-d-glucopyranosides, respectively, while polygonumosides C (3) and D (4) were assigned as a pair of diastereomeric stilbene glucoside dimers.

Flavonoid glycosides in nine Polygonum L. taxons

Abstract: Eighteen flavonoid glycosides were identified in the following taxons of the Polygonum L. genus: P. hydropiper L., P. bistorta L., P. aviculare L., P. persicaria L., P. lapathifolium ssp. tomentosum (Schrank) Dans, P. lapathifolium ssp. nodosum (Pers.) Dans, P. amphibium L., P. mite Schrank, P. convolvulus L. (Bilderdykia convolvulus L.). The content of fourteen flavonoid glycosides was determined. Reversed Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography was applied for separation, identification and quantitative determination of these compounds.

Germplasm preservation in vitro of Polygonum multiflorum Thunb

Abstract: Background: The root of Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. is a common traditional Chinese medicine. In recent years, the wild resources of P. multiflorum have been seriously broken, and the cultivated varieties have been degrading. The germplasm resources of P. multiflorum need protection and preservation. So far, no in vitro germplasm preservation of P. multiflorum has been reported. Objective: To explore a method for the in vitro germplasm preservation of P. multiflorum. Materials and Methods: A large number of buds from seed explants were induced by tissue culture. The single buds were used as experimental materials to study the effects of plant growth regulator, temperature, and osmotic pressure on the preservation time, growth recovery, and genetic stability. Results: When the buds were inoculated onto Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal media containing 4% w/v sucrose, 2% w/v mannitol, and 1% w/v sorbitol, supplemented with paclobutrazol (PP 333 ) 1.0 mg/l, abscisic acid (ABA) 5.0 mg/l, and daminozide (B9) 30.0 mg/l in an illuminated chamber under a 16 h photoperiod of 1500 lx light intensity at 15°C for 10 months, the survival rate was over 70% with good growth recovery and genetic stability. Conclusion: The results of this study can be used for medium-term in vitro germplasm preservation of P. multiflorum, and meeting actual needs of research and production.

Bacterial inhibition and cell leakage by extract of Polygonum minus Huds. Leaves

Abstract: Leaves of Polygonum minus Huds. contain some bioactive compounds which are potential as natural antibacterial agent. The performance of two extraction techniques, i.e. conventional maceration and ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE), for extraction of bioactive compounds of P. minus leaves were evaluated. The antibacterial activities of the extracts were also evaluated towards Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus by agar disc diffusion in combination with TLC-bioautography and by observing the cell membrane leakage. Extraction with UAE provided higher extraction yields and reduced the extraction time in comparison to the conventional maceration. Ethanolic extract of P. minus showed the strongest inhibitory effect for both E. coli and S. aureus. The Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the ethanolic extract, determined by macro-dilution method, was 25 mg/mL for E. coli and 30 mg/mL for S. aureus. TLC-bioautography detected that fractions of ethanolic extract of P. minus with Rf4 = 0.30 and Rf5 = 0.37 demonstrated the most noticeable antibacterial activity for both E. coli and S. aureus. Leakage of cytoplasmic membrane was observed, indicated by the release of cells materials, measured at 260 and 280 nm using UV Vis spectrophotometer.

Comparison of Cynanchum wilfordii, C. auriculatum, Metaplexis japonica and Polygonum multiflorum by Morphological Characters

Abstract: *Chungbuk Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Cheongwon 363-880, Korea.**Department of Plant Resources, Chungbuk University, Cheongju 361-763, Korea.***Department of Biology, Chungbuk University, Cheongju 361-763, Korea.****Department of Herbal Crop Research, NIHHS, RDA, Eumseong 369-873, Korea.ABSTRACT : These studies were conducted to discriminate Cynanchum wilfordii, C. auriculatum, Metaplexis japonica, andPolygonum multiflorum by morphological characters. Cynanchum wilfordii, C. auriculatum, and Metaplexis japonica(Ascle-piadaceae) were easily distinguished from Polygonum multiflorum by twining stem to the left, producing opposite leaves,having laticiferous stems and leaves at cutting cross-sectionally, and lacking lignification of the stem. Four species had diff er-ent morphological characters of flower. Comparing four species to fruit type, three species of Asclepiadaceae had follicle,while Polygonum multiflorum had achene with three wings. Follicle shape was lanceolate, narrowly lanceolate, and widelylanceolate in C. wilfordii, C. auriculatum, and Metaplexis japonica, respectively. Whereas seed color of four species was darkbrown similarly, seed shape and 1,000 seed weight were useful characters to discrimate between three species ofAsclepiadaceae and Polygonum multiflorum. Shape and color of root were thickened and yellowish brown in C. wilfordii andC. auriculatum. They were thin and long and white in Metaplexis japonica, and fusiform and reddish brown in Polygonummultiflorum. They would be useful characters to distinguish Cynanchum spp., Metaplexis japonica, and Polygonummultiflorum, however, impossible characters to discriminate between C. wilfordii and C. auriculatum.Key Words : Cynanchum wilfordii, C. auriculatum, Metaplexis japonica, Polygonum multiflorum

Chromatographical analysis of phenolic acids in some species of Polygonum L. genus. Quantitative determination of the major components by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)

Abstract: Nine major phenolic acids (protocatechuic, gentisic, p-hydroxybenzoic, vanillic, caffeic, syringic, p-coumaric, ferulic, synapic) were investigated in 9 species of the genus Polygonum L. The total amount of these compounds equated 65.8 µg/g of dry herb in Polygonum persicaria L., 61.2 µg in P. convolvulus L., 59.1 µg in P. lapathifolium ssp. nodosum (Pers.) Dans, 53.3 µg in P. bistorta L., 42.1 µg in P. mite Schrank, 38.2 µg in P. lapathifolium ssp. tomentosum (Schrank) Dans, 37 µg in P. anrphibium L., 33.2 µg in P. hydropiper L., 31.1 µg in P. aviculare L., and 14,1 µg in rhizome P. bistorta L. Among the analysed phenolic acids, synapic acid (28.6 µg/g) in P. persicaria L., protocatechuic acid (34 µg/g) in P. lapathifolium ssp. nodosum (Pers) Dans, and ferulic acid (21 µg/g) in P. bistorta L., were dominating.

Polygonum multiflorum planting method

Abstract: The invention discloses a polygonum multiflorum planting method which includes that soil is preferably deep, fertile, loose and good in water discharge and is better faintly acid and neutral sandy soil, the required PH value range is 6-7.5, and a plough layer is larger than 30cm. Soil preparation, base fertilizer application, furrow preparation and transplanting are conducted. Planting is conducted in sunny days after raining or in cloudy days in March or April each year, fixed planting is conducted on the furrow surface with the distance between plants in rows and between the rows being 20-30cm, and 9000 seedlings are planted each acre. After planting is finished, watering is conducted to fix the roots if it is dry or the soil is dry. Healthy cutting seedlings free of pest diseases and multiple in white roots are selected as planted seedlings. Intertillage weeding, top application and pruning are conducted. After the transplanted seedlings survive, harvesting is conducted when the tender stem is 20-50cm in length, the length of polygonum multiflorum vegetable is preferably 10-20cm, the length of polygonum multiflorum tea is preferably 2-3cm, and harvesting is conducted 2-3 times every month. The roots of the polygonum multiflorum can be harvested in autumn or winter of the third year or in spring of the second year after the seedlings are planted. By means of the method, the yield can be improved, and quality is stable.

Medicinal phytochemical and pharmacological properties of kesum (Polygonum minus Linn.): A mini review

Abstract: Polygonum minus Linn. (Polygonaceae) locally called as ‘kesum’ in Malay, is an important foodstuff in many Malaysian dishes, and have long been used in folk medicine to treat digestive disorders, dandruff and in perfume industry. This review discusses the current knowledge of chemical constituents, biological and pharmacological properties of Polygonum minus which will be presented and previously evaluated. The close relationship between traditional and modern sources for ethnopharmacological uses of Polygonum minus, especially for treatment against ulcer, hepatic abnormalities, genotoxicity, cytotoxicity and protozoa infections, due to the remarkable biological activity of Polygonum minus its will be appropriate to develop them as a biological based medicine. In this review is an up-to-date and comprehensive analysis of the phytochemistry, pharmacology and traditional uses of Polygonum minus will be presented.

Pharmacological and other Bioactivities of the Genus Polygonum - A Review

Abstract: The genus Polygonum encompasses approximately 300 species widely distributed around the world, among which 120 Polygonum species grow in China. Among the rich species, 81 of them are widely used in traditional Chinese and folk medicines. In recent years, several studies have found that the genus Polygonum posseses a variety of biological activities including antioxidation, antimicrobial, antitumor, anti-obesity, etc. However, there are still not enough systemic data on the chemical constituents and their pharmacological effects; hence, it would be useful to review current literature for available pharmacological activites of the genus and as well as its active ingredients. Both in-vitro and in-vivo studies have provided strong evidence for the therapeutic potential of the genus Polygonum. This review collates and examines information on the pharmacological effects of the genus Polygonum as well as its chemical constituents.

Rapid screening of natural free radical scavengers in two Polygonum herbs by fast HPLC-DAD-ESI-MSn with precolumn incubation method

Abstract: A simple and efficient method, i.e. 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) incubation followed by fast HPLC-DAD-ESI-MSn based on novel core–shell particle technology, was proposed for the rapid and high-throughput screening of natural free radical scavengers directly from the crude extract of two Polygonum herbs, P. multiflorum and P. cuspidatum. All of the components in P. multiflorum or P. cuspidatum were well separated within 9 min using the core–shell column, which was much superior to previously reported HPLC methods. After incubation with DPPH, 7 compounds were demonstrated to possess potential free radical scavenging activity. They were identified as gallic acid, cis-2,3,5,4′-tetrahydroxy stilbene-2-O-glucoside and trans-2,3,5,4′-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-glucoside from P. multiflorum, together with resveratroloside, piceid, 3,5,4′-trihydroxystilbene-3-O-(6′′-galloyl)-glucoside, and resveratrol in P. cuspidatum. Meanwhile, 3,5,4′-trihydroxystilbene-3-O-(6′′-galloyl)-glucoside showed the strongest scavenging capability, while resveratroloside was the weakest one according to the quantitative difference in peak areas before and after incubation with DPPH. Furthermore, the free radical scavenging activity of five of the pure compounds was further evaluated by a classical DPPH colorimetric assay on a microwell plate for method validation. Collectively, the current work provides a powerful tool for the rapid discovery of natural radical scavengers directly from complex matrices like herbal medicines, and the results could also help to elucidate which components are responsible for the antioxidant activity of two Polygonum herbs.

Study on the growth and tolerance ability of Polygonum hydropiper L. and Hymenachne acutigluma (Steud.) Gilliland on Pb and Cd polluted soil

Abstract: Two plant species including Polygonum hydropiper L. and Hymenachne acutigluma (Steud.) Gilliland were investigated in their resistance to lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) pollution in the soil. Lead-contaminated soil samples were collected from the lead recycling village Dong Mai, Chi Dao commune, Van Lam district, Hung Yen province, Vietnam that had Pb level up to 192,185 mg.kg-1, dry weight (DW). Cadmium-contaminated soil samples were due to supplement of CdCl2.21/2H2O to alluvial soil. Results showed that both species were highly resistant to Pb, however P.hydropiper was better. Similarly, the Cd resistance was higher for P.hydropiper than for H.acutigluma. No morpho-abnormalities of P.hydropiper regarding the impact of lead were recorded, whereas for H.acutigluma, the young leaves had white colour after two months of planting in soil containing lead levels of 192,185 mg.kg-1. The response of both species with Cd in soils included yellowing leaves, withering branches and even dying after 5-15 days exposed to Cd. Lead contents accumulated in above-ground parts of both plants were up to 4,650 and 3,161 mg.kg-1, DW, corresponding to P.hydropiper and H.acutigluma. From the research results on lead resistance and accumulation of two plant species studied, it is suggested that the two species are lead hyperaccumulators can be used for phytoremediation technology to clean contaminated soil.

Habitat Factors and Species' Traits Influence Riparian Community Recovery Following Removal of Bohemian Knotweed (Polygonum x bohemicum)

Abstract: Removal of invasive plants to restore native community structure and function is an important component of riparian management in the Pacific Northwest, USA. However, little is known about the role of habitat factors and species' traits in mediating recovery of native riparian systems following removal of invasives. We experimentally investigated the response of riparian understories to removal of Bohemian knotweed (Polygonum x bohemicum). We measured abundance, diversity, and composition of herbaceous and woody species before and for two years after removal. Knotweed removal resulted in rapid and abundant colonization of native woody species and of native and non-native forbs. Variation in the responses of these groups was most commonly associated with two habitat factors, height above channel and depth of knotweed litter. Knotweed litter benefited native forbs (predominantly forest perennials) relative to non-native forbs (predominantly light-demanding annuals). Natives, which are adapted to na...

Preparation method of polygonum multiflorum black tea

Abstract: The invention discloses a preparation method of polygonum multiflorum black tea. The preparation method comprises the following steps: picking polygonum multiflorum stem leaves to dry and air until the leaves are soft; withering and twisting until juice seeps from the stem leaves, wherein the leaves are soft and adhesive, and cannot be broken; frying the stem leaves in a tea frying machine at 60-70 DEC G for 20-30 min, taking out the stem leaves when the juice is dried, and twisting the stem leaves for forming, after which the polygonum multiflorum gradually turns yellow; performing natural fermentation, at the humidity of 60-80% for 4-10 hours, wherein the completion sign of the fermentation is that the stem leaves turn from yellow to red; baking: uniformly placing the fermented stem leaves into a baking machine with the initial baking temperature at 90 DEG C, increasing the temperature to 120 DEG C after 1 hour, continuously baking for 3 hours until the tea is puce, opening the baking machine, smelling the tea, and if the tea still has the smell of herbs, continuing to bake until the smell is gone. The polygonum multiflorum black tea has a health-care effect, is low in cost, has a mellow taste, and is intact in appearance.

Anti-inflammatory effect of Polygonum multiflorum extraction in activated RAW 264.7 cells with lipopolysaccharide

Abstract: The anti-inflammatory effects of Polygonum multiflorum water extracts (PMWs) and Polygonum multiflorum 70 % ethanol extracts(PMEs) were investigated using lipopolysaccharide-induce by inflammatory response. The inhibitory effects of PMWs and PMEs on the production of nitric oxide (NO) and pro inflammatory cytokines in LPS activated Raw 264.7 cells were investigated. The effects were examined after reducing production of Nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein levels. RAW 264.7 cells were cultured with LPS (1 μg/mL) in the presence or absence of PMWs and PMEs for 24 h to determine their NO, iNOS, COX–2 levels. During the entire experimental period 10, 25, 50 and 100 μg/mL of PMWs and PMEs showed no cytotoxicity. At these concentrations, PMWs and PMEs concentration dependently reduced the production of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β). PMWs and PMEs were inhibited the activittion of iNOS, COX-2 by 89%, 54%, 91% and 57% respectively, at 100 μg/mL. These results indicate that PMWs and PMEs significantly reduces the effect of oxidative and inflammatory cytokines.

Chromatographical analysis of phenolic acids in some species of Polygonum L. genus. Part 1 Qualitative analysis by two-dimensional thin layer chromatography (TLC)

Abstract: The Two-Dimensional Thin Layer Chromatography method has been used for the separation and identification of phenolic acids from six taxons of Pohygonum L. genus. The following acids were found: caffeic, p-coumaric, ferulic, p-hydroxybenzoic, m-hydroxybenzoic, vanillic, syringic, p-hydroxyphenylacetic, o-hydroxyphenylacetic, synapic, melillotic, salicylic, gentisic, elagic, gallic, chlorogenic, protocatechuic and homoprotocatechuic. Gallic, ferulic, vanillic, p-coumaric and p-hydroxybenzoic acids were isolated from herb Polygonum convolvulus L. using column chromatography.

Sublethal effects of environmentally relevant run‐off concentrations of glyphosate in the root zone of Ludwigia peploides (creeping water primrose) and Polygonum hydropiperoides (smartweed)

Abstract: As one of the most widely applied agricultural chemicals in the world, glyphosate has many effects on the environment. The present study quantified plant responses to exposure by glyphosate through the root zone for a range of concentrations (0, 10, 100 and 1000 μg L−1). Ludwigia peploides and Polygonum hydropiperoides were grown in a greenhouse and given a single exposure to glyphosate via the root zone. The growth and physiological parameters were measured before exposure and for 18 days postexposure. The growth variables that were measured included the relative growth rate, stem length increase, biomass and root-to-shoot-ratios. The physiological variables that were measured were the chlorophyll content index and chlorophyll fluorescence. The data analyses revealed that the root-zone glyphosate affected some of the measured variables in P. hydropiperoides more than for L. peploides. Polygonum hydropiperoides showed a significant decrease in the root-to-shoot ratios for the 100 μg L−1 treatment, compared to the 10 μg L−1 treatment. The chlorophyll content index of the treated plants was significantly reduced in P. hydropiperoides, compared to the untreated plants on Days 7 and 18. Ludwigia peploides was affected only on the day after exposure, with the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters being significantly less for the 1000 μg L−1 treatment, compared to the 10 μg L−1 treatment. Glyphosate-treated P. hydropiperoides showed a decreased chlorophyll content and reduced chlorophyll fluorescence parameters. In contrast, L. peploides showed a decrease in the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters but no reduction in its chlorophyll content. In addition to demonstrating the adverse effects of root exposure to glyphosate for the study species, these data help to partially explain the highly invasive and persistent nature of L. peploides in marginal aquatic environments, such as agricultural ditches.

Brewing method of polygonum multiflorum light soy sauce

Abstract: The invention discloses a brewing method of polygonum multiflorum light soy sauce. The brewing method comprises the steps: adopting polygonum multiflorum which has been prepared from liquorice as the material of light soy sauce; cultivating by aspergillus oryzae, aspergillus niger and beer yeast; co-fermenting naturally, wherein the fermentation period is 180 days; and squeezing and separating, depositing, sterilizing and packaging, thus obtaining finished product. The finished product is thick, rufous and sweet, and has outstanding butter flavor and little bitter taste; the polygonum multiflorum comprises the following main effective components: polygonum multiflorum and anthraquinone, soluble saltless solid, total nitrogen and amino acid nitrogen, wherein the polygonum multiflorum and anthraquinone content is not less than 10mg/100mL; the soluble saltless solid content is not less than 18g/100mL; the total nitrogen content is not less than 1.6g/100mL; the amino acid nitrogen content is not less than 0.8g/100mL; and the essential nutrient exceeds a national standard GB/T18186-2000 for brewing soy sauce. 1Kg of polygonum multiflorum can produce 12Kg of high-grade light soy sauce. The product is unique in flavor, good in appearance and rich in nutrients, and also has the effects on beautify, resisting diseases, protecting liver and strengthening heart. The production cost is low, being ** yuan/Kg. The brewing method is complex in principle, but is simple to operate, normative and small in device investment.