Showing papers on "Prostate published in 1981"
TL;DR: This is the first immununohistochemical marker for prostate gland epithelium which does not represent prostatic acid phosphatase and is likely to be a diagnostic histologic marker for tumors of prostatic origin.
Abstract: Antiserum to a human prostate-specific antigen was raised in a rabbit and utilized by immunoperoxidase staining to evaluate its potential value as a diagnostic histologic marker for tumors of prostatic origin. All primary and metastatic prostatic malignancies reacted positively, whereas nonprostatic neoplasms did not stain with this procedure. This is the first immunohistochemical marker for prostate gland epithelium which does not represent prostatic acid phosphatase.
358 citations
TL;DR: The prostate‐specific antigen, distinct from acid phosphatase, was identified by immunologic procedures in prostate tissues and seminal plasma, as well as in sera of patients with prostatic cancer and of nude mice bearing human prostatic tumor.
Abstract: A prostate-specific antigen, distinct from acid phosphatase, was identified by immunologic procedures in prostate tissues (normal, benign hypertrophic, and cancerous) and seminal plasma, as well as in sera of patients with prostatic cancer and of nude mice bearing human prostatic tumor. This antigen was shown by immunoperoxidase staining to be confined to epithelial cells comprising the prostatic ductal elements. Prostate antigen was purified from prostatic tissue and seminal plasma, and it was shown to have a molecular weight of 33,000-34,000 with no subunit component. The isoelectric point of purified antigen was around 6.9, though several unpurified isomers with different isoelectric points also were observed. Serum-borne prostate antigen showed a molecular weight of 90,000-100,000 but it exhibited a molecular weight of 36,000 in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. A sandwich-type, peroxidase-linked immunosorbent assay capable of detecting 0.1 ng of the antigen per milliliter of blood was developed. With this technique, serum level of the antigen was found to increase in patients with prostatic cancer as compared with normal males. The prostate-specific antigen can be a useful marker for detection of prostatic cancer.
351 citations
TL;DR: Specificity of a previously reported prostate antigen was assessed by several immunologic procedures and this antigen, restricted in distribution to the prostate gland, was detected within ductal epithelial cells.
Abstract: Specificity of a previously reported prostate antigen (PA) was assessed by several immunologic procedures. This antigen, restricted in distribution to the prostate gland, was detected within ductal epithelial cells. Continuous established cell lines LNCaP and PC-3 of malignant prostate origin retained the expression of PA. Tumor cells released the antigen in vitro into the culture fluid and also in vivo into the circulation of nude mice preinoculated with LNCaP cells. Prostate cells in culture also specifically accreted immunoglobulin fragments of PA antiserum.
209 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The findings indicate that mice which received Tx at a critical neonatal age develop EAP by autosensitization to the antigen(s) normally expressing in the differentiated prostate by autoantibody against the epithelial cells of the prostate (APA).
Abstract: Experimental autoimmune prostatitis (EAP) could be induced in (C3H/HeMs X 129/J)F1 mice by thymectomy (Tx) at 3 days (Tx-3) but not at 0 or 7 days after birth. Appearance of EAP was noticed in the three lobes of the prostate, most frequently and severely in the anterior lobe (coagulating gland). EAP thus induced was characterized by a loss of secretory products in the lumen, massive lymphocytic infiltration in the stroma, especially beneath the epithelial cells, and by the presence of circulating autoantibody(ies) against the epithelial cells of the prostate (APA). EAP started at puberty and its incidence was 68% in 50-150 day old mice. APA was completely absorbed with the homogenates of prostate but not of seminal vesicles, testes or livers of the mouse. High titres of APA, detectable in sera of more than 1,000-fold dilutions accompanized with the severe lesion, were assayed by indirect immunofluorescence (IFL) technique. No sign of EAP was seen in the immature prostate of 90 day old mice which were orchidectomized at 0 day (Orx-0) followed by Tx-3. Exogenous androgen treatment at an adult age induced EAP in these Orx-0 plus Tx-3 mice. The findings indicate that mice which received Tx at a critical neonatal age develop EAP by autosensitization to the antigen(s) normally expressing in the differentiated prostate.
155 citations
TL;DR: CT was unable to differentiate Stage A, B1, and B2 bladder tumors, and was used in planning portals for 16 patients who underwent external beam radiation therapy and to measure the volume of the prostate prior to placement of 125I seeds for therapy.
Abstract: Computed tomography was performed in 24 patients with bladder carcinoma, 29 patients with prostate carcinoma, and one patient with simultaneous bladder and prostate carcinoma. In nine patients (16%), the stage of the carcinoma would have been underestimated based on CT alone. Six of these nine patients had only microscopic or laboratory evidence (elevated serum acid phosphatase level) of more widespread disease than what was demonstrated by CT. The overall accuracy of pelvic lymph node evaluation by CT was 79% in 34 patients. The 21% inaccuracy arises from five false-negative cass in which there was microscopic involvement within normal-sized nodes (4 patients) or only minimally enlarged (2.0 cm or less) nodes (1 patient), and two false-positive cases related to benign changes in nodes. CT was unable to differentiate Stage A, B1, and B2 bladder tumors. CT was used in planning portals for 16 patients who underwent external beam radiation therapy. CT was also used to measure the volume of the prostate prior to placement of 125I seeds for therapy, and to assess the positioning of the seeds.
111 citations
TL;DR: The findings suggest that exogenous female sex hormones may interfere with the action of müllerian inhibiting factor in the human male fetus.
103 citations
TL;DR: Overall alterations in prostatic steroid metabolism favor an increase in the net formation of DHT and may account for the well documented increase in DHT concentration associated with BPH in both dog and man.
Abstract: Canine benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is associated with, if not actually induced by, an increased prostatic ability for the net formation of dihydrotestosterone (DHT). This conclusion is based upon the observation in this study that: 1) when spontaneous BPH develops in the beagle there is a concomitant increase in the potential capacity for prostatic tissue to metabolize steroids favoring the net formation of DHT; 2) there is a similar change in steroid metabolism in the prostate when BPH is experimentally induced in young beagles by the combined administration of exogenous androgens and estrogens; 3) various hormonal treatments of young intact or castrate dogs which did not increase the prostate tissue's ability to produce DHT also did not induce a high incidence of experimental BPH; and 4) a highly significant linear correlation (r = 0.95) was observed between the size of the prostate gland and an increased prostatic ability for the net formation of DHT, as estimated by relative prostatic index values which quantitatively reflect such increased metabolic activities. These overall alterations in prostatic steroid metabolism favor an increase in the net formation of DHT and may account for the well documented increase in DHT concentration associated with BPH in both dog and man. The enhancement of these events by estrogens could play a major role in the etiology of BPH. (Endocrinology 108: 445, 1981)
98 citations
TL;DR: In both species, a 1-month recovery period produced a general normalization trend, however, the lenticular opacities (dogs), gall bladder anomaly, brain lesions, loss of testicular germinal epithelium (rats), and aspermatogenesis (rats) persisted or showed minimal improvement.
69 citations
Journal Article•
65 citations
TL;DR: The conclusion is led that, contrary to androgen receptor, the major part of estradiol receptor is localized in stroma, and the results of glycerol gradients are confirmed.
Abstract: Estrogen and androgen receptors have been investigated in rat ventral prostate epithelium and stroma. High speed supernatants were prepared from unfractionated or fractionated prostates. Cytosols from intact rats were incubated with 2 nM 3H-estradiol (E2) in presence of 80 nM dihydrotestosterone (DHT), and cytosols from 1 day castrated rats were incubated with 2 nM 3H-DHT, at 0 C for 4 h. They were submitted to ultracentrifugation on glycerol-Tris gradients. The amounts of hormones bound to the saturable 8S binding components were determined on a comparative basis. The values for E2-receptor in intact rats were 2.3, 15.4 and 5.9 fmol/mg cytosol protein in unfractionated prostate, stroma and epithelium,respectively. The corresponding values for DHT-binding were 31.9, 17.2 and 29.2 fmol/mg protein. In addition, Scatchard analysis of saturable E2 and DHT binding, using the protamine precipitation technique, essentially confirmed the results of glycerol gradients, and led to the conclusion that, contrary to a...
64 citations
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that alterations in the appearance of the bone scan correlate closely with disease activity and have great prognostic significance.
Abstract: A reproducible technique of bone scanning in prostatic cancer is described that helps ensure the production of successive studies of highly comparable technical quality. Through an analysis of survival data based on changes in distribution, anatomic extent, and intensity of bone scan abnormalities in patients with advanced prostatic cancer, it is demonstrated that alterations in the appearance of the bone scan correlate closely with disease activity and have great prognostic significance.
TL;DR: Evidence is presented that the atypical hyperplasias progress to adenoma and carcinoma in the F344 rat, a potential model for the study of latent prostatic preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions.
Abstract: The prostates of 1775 (614 control and 1161 experimental) 2-year-old F344 rats from 12 different carcinogen bioassays conducted by the Bioassay Program of the NCI and the NTP were evaluated histologically. The incidence of prostatic lesions including (atypical) hyperplastic foci, adenomas, and carcinomas was 6.8%. There was no difference in the type or incidence of the lesions between treated and untreated animals. Adenomas or carcinomas were found in 71 (4.0%) of the rats, primarily as incidental findings. The number of tumors and hyperplastic foci varied from laboratory to laboratory depending on the anatomical localization of the plane of the section. Most of the neoplasms were found in the ventrolateral lobes of the prostate (ventral prostate). When adequate sections were prepared of the ventral lobe, 10-20% of the prostates had these proliferative lesions. The lesions were usually small and originated in the epithelium of the alveoli and small ducts and were usually small and originated in the epithelium of the alveoli and small ducts and were not associated with the common inflammatory lesions of the rat prostate. Thin fibrous capsules were formed in a few of the larger tumors. Metastases were not observed but there was local invasion into alveoli, ducts and interstitial connective tissue. Evidence is presented that the atypical hyperplasias progress to adenoma and carcinoma. The F344 rat offers a potential model for the study of latent prostatic preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions.
TL;DR: Per rectal ultrasound is acceptable to patients, and its use is recommended in all cases where accurate assessment of primary prostatic cancer is required, and the ultrasonic appearances of the prostate, seminal vesicles and bladder base are described.
TL;DR: The demonstration of specific herpesv virus type 2 antibody in patients with prostatic cancer supports an etiologic role for herpesvirus type 2 but further studies are needed to describe more definitively the relationship since the indexes of sexual activity are remarkably high in both groups.
TL;DR: A low percentage of prostatic acid phosphatase elevations in patients with early localized and incidental adenocarcinoma was found for the 3 assays evaluated, which limit severely the application of these assays to the screening of male patients at risk for adenOCarcinomas of the prostate.
TL;DR: In the patas monkey the relationship of the cranial and caudal lobe suggests strongly the relationship seen between the central and peripheral zones in man, and the case of prostatic adenocarcinoma described has only been reported in one other nonhuman primate.
Abstract: The caudal and cranial prostate of different species of nonhuman primates were examined for histologic characteristics and pathological abnormalities. One hundred specimens from 12 species were represented. Among the pathologies found were: 1) cystic hyperplasia; 2) fibromuscular hyperplasia; 3) squamous metaplasia; 4) chronic and acute bacterial prostatitis; 5) prostate adenocarcinoma; and 6) other miscellaneous pathologic changes. A historical review of histological characteristics and pathological abnormalities of the nonhuman primate prostate is given. Based upon findings in this study, anatomical similarity of the caudal lobe of the prostate to the peripheral zone of the prostate in humans as described by McNeal is found. In the patas monkey the relationship of the cranial and caudal lobe suggests strongly the relationship seen between the central and peripheral zones in man. The case of prostatic adenocarcinoma described has only been reported in one other nonhuman primate.
TL;DR: 5-fluorouracil administered in an adequate weekly dosage is established as an effective single agent in some patients with stage D carcinoma of the bladder or prostate, however, there is no significant added benefit as measured by survival obtained for these patients by combining cyclophosphamide and doxorubicin with 5-fluorbicin.
TL;DR: In a survey of normal and cancerous human tissues, it is proposed that this material is from serum (low concentrations of immunoreactive prostatic acid phosphatase are present in the serum of men and women) and that it is excreted into urine by the kidneys.
Abstract: In a survey of normal and cancerous human tissues we determined the distribution of immunoreactive prostatic acid phosphatase, using rabbit antiserum to acid phosphatase purified from prostatic fluid. In all normal tissues and blood cells studied except leukocytes we found less than 0.1% (expressed as micrograms per gram of wet weight of tissue) of the quantity of immunoreactive prostatic acid phosphatase detected in normal prostate tissue by radioimmunoassay. A small quantity of cross-reactive antigen (2.5 microgram/10(8) cells) was found in leukocytes. In all normal and cancerous nonprostate tissues surveyed by an immunohistochemical technique we detected no immunoreactive prostatic acid phosphatase, except in kidney tissue. Faint but reproducible staining was detected in the lumen of distal tubules and collecting ducts and within interstitial capillaries. Immunoreactive prostatic acid phosphatase was detected in the urine of pre- and post-pubertal males and females. We propose that this material is from serum (low concentrations of immunoreactive prostatic acid phosphatase are present in the serum of men and women) and that it is excreted into urine by the kidneys. Full proof of this must await future experimentation. The specificity of our antiserum for prostatic acid phosphatase was demonstrated by the fact that the Mr 100 000 and 20 000 liver acid phosphatase isoenzymes did not cross with our antiserum in either the radioimmunoassay or double-diffusion analysis. Similarly, preparations of isoenzymes 5A and 5B are human serum albumin did not cross react.
TL;DR: Data suggest that a significant amount of PAP and its synthesizing polysomes was reduced in prostate cancer as a result of P AP gene suppression.
TL;DR: Children's urinary bladders and pelvic urethrae were collected from six adult and two juvenile male dogs and smooth muscle sphincter needed to maintain urinary continuence and prevent semen reflux was primarily the vesical neck.
Abstract: Urinary bladders and pelvic urethrae were collected from six adult and two juvenile male dogs. Within two vesical and six urethral sampling regions, volume densities were estimated for smooth and striated muscle, connective tissue and elastic fibers, stratum cavernosum, luminal epithelium, and prostate. The neck had significantly less smooth muscle and more connective tissue than the body of the bladder. In the prostatic urethra, smooth muscle was associated principally with trabeculae surrounding prostate lobules. Smooth muscle was sparse superficially in the prostatic capsule and practically absent in relation to the mid-prostatic urethra. Thus there was no mechanism for active closure of the middle prostatic urethra, and elastic fiber density was correspondingly high in this region. The smooth muscle sphincter needed to maintain urinary continuence and prevent semen reflux was primarily the vesical neck. Caudal to the body of the prostate, striated muscle comprised more than 40% of the urethral wall. Juvenile and adult postprostatic urethrae were similar except for a decreased quantity of stratum cavernosum in the pups.
TL;DR: It is suggested that cystoprostatectomy should be considered as an early form of treatment for transitional cell carcinoma of the prostate and early radical surgery achieved a good result in one of the authors' patients.
Abstract: Summary—Transitional cell carcinoma of the prostate is a rare tumour. A review of 31 8 patients with carcinoma of the prostate presenting to this hospital in the 5 years between April 1 974 and April 1 979 revealed 7 patients with transitional cell carcinoma arising within the prostate. Two of these had previously been treated for a transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder.
These prostatic tumours are usually poorly differentiated and carry a poor prognosis. Early radical surgery, however, achieved a good result in one of our patients. Other forms of treatment were ineffective and a review of the literature revealed that this was also the experience of others. We suggest that cystoprostatectomy should be considered as an early form of treatment.
TL;DR: The synthesis of α-aminoisobutyric acid-l-11C (11C-AIB) is described and its body distribution in healthy and tumor-bearing animals is studies and its prostate tumor concentrations are significantly lower than that of pancreas, liver, and kidney.
Abstract: This paper describes the synthesis of α-aminoisobutyric acid-l-11C (11C-AIB) and studies its body distribution in healthy and tumor-bearing animals. High tissue levels of 11C-AIB were found in organs with high metabolic activity (pancreas, liver, kidney). The prostate tumor 11C-AIB concentrations are significantly lower than that of pancreas, liver, and kidney, but increased when compared with normal prostate levels. Effective chemotherapy, which reduces tumor growth of two different prostate adenocarcinoma cell lines (R-3327-H, R-3327-G) also decreases 11C-AIB levels and the 11C-AIB prostate to tumor ratio.
TL;DR: It is suggested that widespread application of this technique will improve early detection of prostatic carcinoma and the various sonographic appearances are explained by correlation with the histological findings, and the advantages of the transabdominal approach are discussed.
Abstract: Thirty-nine patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy, prostatic carcinoma, or prostatitis underwent ultrasonography using a transabdominal suprapubic approach. In both benign hypertrophy and prostatitis, the gland was enlarged and exhibited a homogeneous echo pattern, being hypoechoic in prostatitis and either hypo- or hyperechoic in hypertrophy. Carcinoma was characterized by focal areas of increased or decreased echogenicity with irregular margins. The various sonographic appearances are explained by correlation with the histological findings, and the advantages of the transabdominal approach are discussed. The authors suggest that widespread application of this technique will improve early detection of prostatic carcinoma.
TL;DR: The present data support the suggestion that 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone produced in the prostatic stroma may be transferred to the epithelium by way of sex hormone binding globulin in the extracellular spaces of the prostate.
Abstract: Prostate tissues removed from patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy were separated into epithelia and stromal components and the concentrations of testosterone, 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone, 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha,17 beta-diol, 4-androstene-3,17-dione, 5 alpha-androstanedione and androsterone in these two fractions were determined by radioimmunoassays after the purification of solvent steroid extracts by Lipidex-5000 column chromatography. On a 'per cell' basis (i.e. relative to DNA), testosterone was equally distributed between the two components, while the other androgens measured were more abundant in the stroma. The observation that 5 alpha-reduced androgens (especially 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone) were more concentrated in the stroma, and that significant correlations between concentrations of metabolically related androgens were more common in the stroma than in the epithelium, indicate that the stroma is an important site of androgen metabolism in benign prostatic hypertrophic tissues. The present data also support the suggestion that 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone produced in the prostatic stroma may be transferred to the epithelium by way of sex hormone binding globulin in the extracellular spaces of the prostate.
TL;DR: The data presented provide no evidence that simultaneous resection of bladder tumors with the prostate affects adversely the incidence of tumor occurrences in the prostatic urethra.
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that this transplantable adenocarcinoma of the rat prostate was similar to human prostatic cancer with respect to its macroscopic and microscopic appearances, growth rate, growth differential in male and female recipients, and some of its metastatic potential.
Abstract: Our experiments involving the use of the Dunning R3327 adenocarcinoma as an animal model of prostatic cancer as well as clinical studies on the immunocompetence of prostatic cancer patients are described. Utilizing the Dunning tumor, we have demonstrated that this transplantable adenocarcinoma of the rat prostate was similar to human prostatic cancer with respect to its macroscopic and microscopic appearances, growth rate, growth differential in male and female recipients, and some of its metastatic potential. Cryosurgery was capable of destroying the primary tumor as it can in man. Both antibody and cellular immune responses could be produced against antigens associated with the tumor cells. Tumor-bearing rats treated by cryosurgery in combination with BCG were capable of producing an antitumor immunity that protected them from rechallenge. Clinical studies of prostatic cancer patients showed a diminished in vitro immunity, but the responses of the cancer patients were not significantly different from those of patients with benign prostatic disease.
TL;DR: According to reports, this is the first case of a metastatic prostatic carcinoma showing carcinoid-like areas that were positive for prostatic acid phosphatase, indicating that it was not a true carcinoid but rather prostatics carcinoma with a carcinoids-like pattern.
Abstract: An unusual case of carcinoma of the prostate with metastases is described. the prostate and the metastases showed adenocarcinoma with carcinoid-like areas. A tumor with the same histologic features was found at the tip of the appendix and proved to be metastatic. The possibility of primary carcinoid of the prostate was considered; however, Fontana-Masson stain and electron microscopy failed to confirm this. Immunoperoxidase stain for prostatic acid phosphatase was done on the prostate and metastases. This stain is specific for tissues of prostatic origin. The stain was positive in the carcinoid-like areas, indicating that it was not a true carcinoid but rather prostatic carcinoma with a carcinoid-like pattern. Apparently, this is the first case of a metastatic prostatic carcinoma showing carcinoid-like areas that were positive for prostatic acid phosphatase.
TL;DR: Three categories of age-related changes in prostatic enzyme activity are identified: decline fully reversible by exogenous testosterone, decline partially reversible by external testosterone, and 3) decline not reversible byExogenous testosterone.
Abstract: L-Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity per 100 mg prostate was diminished 88% and S-adenosyl-L-methionine decarboxylase (AMDC) activity similarly was diminished 57% in the ventral prostate of aged (26-month-old) as compared to that of young (3.8-month-old) AXC rats. Dorsolateral prostate ODC activity was too low to be reliably quantitated. Dorsolateral prostate AMDC activity per 100 mg prostate was diminished 55% in aged AXC rats. The age-related declines in prostate ODC and AMDC were not attributable to changes in the properties of the enzymes in aged AXC rats compared to young rats. There also was no evidence for an age-related production of inhibitors or inactivators of these prostate enzymes. The sensitivities of prostate ODC and AMDC to orchiectomy were comparable in young and aged AXC rats. Treatment of aged AXC rats with exogenous testosterone did not enhance ventral prostate AMDC activity per 100 μg DNA, but it did elevate dorsolateral prostate AMDC activity per 100 fig DNA to levels indistingui...
TL;DR: A benign prostate gland containing corpora amylacea within its lumen was observed within a prostatic nerve in the subcapsular region of a radical prostatectomy specimen, and evidence is presented to support the notion that nerves may play an active role in the development of such relationships.
Abstract: A benign prostate gland containing corpora amylacea within its lumen was observed within a prostatic nerve in the subcapsular region of a radical prostatectomy specimen. It was cytohistologically distinct from the focal high-grade periurethral prostate cancer, from which it was separated by a distance of 2 cm. Perineural invasion represents an intimate neural-epithelial interaction, and evidence is presented to support the notion that nerves may play an active role in the development of such relationships. Nerve growth factors produced by neoplastic tissue may mediate this phenomenon.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In both types of cancer, patients treated successfully and clinically free of disease did not have elevated LSA levels, whereas patients failing to respond to treatment had persistently high values.
Abstract: Plasma lipid bound sialic acid (LSA) was measured in patients with prostate and bladder cancer to determine the usefulness of this biochemical marker in teh staging of malignant disease and in monitoring the efficacy of therapy. Patients with advanced stages of prostate cancer with bone metastases exhibited LSA levels significantly higher than normal subjects. Patients with bladder cancer showed elevations in LSA both in early noninvasive and in advanced stages of the disease. In both types of cancer, patients treated successfully and clinically free of disease did not have elevated LSA levels, whereas patients failing to respond to treatment had persistently high values.