Showing papers on "Representation (systemics) published in 1973"

The Representation and Matching of Pictorial Structures

Abstract: The primary problem dealt with in this paper is the following. Given some description of a visual object, find that object in an actual photograph. Part of the solution to this problem is the specification of a descriptive scheme, and a metric on which to base the decision of "goodness" of matching or detection.

Thermodynamics and Plasticity

Abstract: This study deals with the application of thermodynamics to materials which, besides viscoelastic deformations, exhibit plastic deformations (either purely plastic or viscoplastic). Attention is focussed on the definition of the thermodynamic state and on the expression of the second law. Three different formulations are presented (1) With hidden variables and using an intermediate, released, configuration. (2) With hidden variables and using a fixed reference configuration. (3) In functional representation. Finally an hypothesis about the dissipativity is investigated.

Towards an Organizational Study of Trade Unions

Abstract: This paper develops modes of analysis for three major issues in the study of trade unions as organizations. These are, first, their distinctiveness as a discrete type of organization; secondly, the nature of their membership attachment; and thirdly, their twin rationales of representation and administration. The integration of these analyses within a new framework is then pursued. This framework serves to suggest propositions requiring empirical investigation and reference is made to some results from a preliminary study.

On the representation of semimartingales

Abstract: We show that $L^1$-bounded semimartingales (quasi-martingales, $F$-processes) correspond to finite signed measures on the $\sigma$-field of previsible sets. This representation of semimartingales as signed measures is used to derive in a unified manner the main decomposition theorems for semi- and supermartingales.

Planetary elements for 10 000 000 years

Abstract: In 1950 Brouwer and van Woerkom published a secular theory of the variations of the planetary elements in analytical form. In the present paper we provide a graphical representation of this theory in the form of element plots for a time span of ten million years.

Citizen Participation, Democratic Representation, and Survey Research

Abstract: There are two basic objectives of this article. The first is to demonstrate how survey research can be used as a form of citizen participation. Specifically, the authors will report a survey research application as a part of the &dquo;Goals for Carbondale&dquo; program which was conducted last year in Carbondale by the Citizens Advisory Committee, that city’s officially designated CP unit. Carbondale is a small city of some 30,000 located in the extreme southern portion of the state. The chief industry of the city is Southern Illinois University which is a large, diversified state school of approximately 20,000 students. The size of the university compared to the city and the unique mixture of urban and rural, university and townspeople, and

The impact of the weighted vote on representation in municipal governing bodies of New York State.

Abstract: Weighted voting is a solution advocated by some to bring governing bodies of municipalities into conformity with the “one man-one vote” concept of representation as first announced by the Supreme Court of the United States in Gwv 1’. Sunders.’ It has been urged as a n alternative to redistricting, election at large of all representatives, or the use of multiple member districts. Before we go any further, I think it would be helpful to provide a thumbnail description of the traditional forms of municipal government in New York State. Municipal corporations in New York State are counties, cities, towns, villages, and school districts. Generally speaking, only cities and counties are divided into subareas; the other municipalities elect their representatives at large. Since cities are relatively compact, they have no insurmountable problems in redistricting, which leaves counties as the subject of this discussion. The City of New York, encompassing five counties, constitutes a unique unit, and it and the five counties encompassed in it are excluded from this discussion. County boards of supervisors are the local legislative bodies of counties. Traditionally, they consisted of supervisors, each of whom had been elected as supervisor of his own town or city and by virtue of that election became a member of the board of supervisors. There are 931 towns in New York State. Elections of town officers are a t large except for four towns that have been divided into wards. However, each town supervisor is elected at large in his town of residence. His duties are to sit upon and preside over the meetings of the town board, the local legislative body of a town, and to act as executive and administrative head of the town government and as treasurer and disbursing officer for town funds. The legislative bodies of cities are elected from wards, or, in a few cases, elected at large, or occasionally by a combination of such methods. These officers are called councilmen or aldermen. Under special charters enacted by the state legislature which may be amended by the state legislature or by local law passed by a city, cities are also required to elect one or more supervisors to sit on the county board of supervisors. City supervisors originally had certain limited city functions, all or most of which subsequently, by local law or state statute, h a w been transferred elsewhere. In some cities supervisors are all elected at large, but in most cities they are elected on a ward basis. Supervisors, whether of a town or a city, are ex nfficio members of the county board of supervisors. A county board of supervisors is made up entirely of ex oficio members and n o others. This generalization is subject t o some exceptions. In most counties, however, the general rule is still in effect. There are 62 counties in New York State and 62 cities. New York City encompasses five counties and, as has been noted, is unique. Thus, excluding New York City, there are 57 counties and 61 cities. Each city and each town lies wholly within, and constitutes but a part of, just one county. N o part of a city is in any town, and no part of a town is in any city. Counties are made up of any cities and towns that

The representation of lattices by modules

Abstract: That is, the class JSf(A) of lattices representable by A-modules is the \"quasivariety\" of lattices satisfying J(A), for commutative A. OUTLINE OF PROOF. For A commutative, let i : L > r ( M ; A ) be an embedding for some M. Without loss of generality, assume that L has a smallest element co, and i{œ) = 0. Motivated by the \"abelian\" lattice Tf{G ) of [2,4.2] with G = M, we consider \"constraint systems\" in variables ak (corresponding to coordinate positions in M ) and \"auxiliary\" variables bk (with existential quantifiers understood) for k in N = {1,2, 3 , . . .} . Consider r = (d1,d2,d3,d4) below. (d^ a1ex1, a2ex2, akea> for ^ 3 ( x 1 , x 2 e L ) . (d2) b 1 e x 3 , b2ex1, bkew for / c ^ 3 ( x 3 e L ) . (d3) axa2-bl= 0. (d4) a t V ? 2 = 0 (A0eA). A \"solution\" f.N -• M of r satisfies