Showing papers on "Representation (systemics) published in 2002"

Lipstick and Logarithms: Gender, Identity, Institutional Context, and Representative Bureaucracy

Abstract: According to the theory of representative bureaucracy, passive representation among public employees will lead to active representation in bureaucratic outputs. Existing research demonstrates that the link between passive and active representation exists for race but not for sex. Past research on this topic has not, however, taken into account the contextual environment that affects whether sex will translate into gender and lead to active representation in the bureaucracy. In this paper, we create a framework that specifies the conditions that affect whether passive representation results in active representation for sex and then test this framework using the case of education. We find that passive representation of women in education leads to active representation and that the institutional context affects the extent to which this link between passive and active representation occurs.

Layered representations for human activity recognition

Abstract: We present the use of layered probabilistic representations using Hidden Markov Models for performing sensing, learning, and inference at multiple levels of temporal granularity. We describe the use of the representation in a system that diagnoses states of a user's activity based on real-time streams of evidence from video, acoustic, and computer interactions. We review the representation, present an implementation, and report on experiments with the layered representation in an office-awareness application.

Creating high-level components with a generative representation for body-brain evolution

Abstract: One of the main limitations of scalability in body-brain evolution systems is the representation chosen for encoding creatures. This paper defines a class of representations called generative representations, which are identified by their ability to reuse elements of the genotype in the translation to the phenotype. This paper presents an example of a generative representation for the concurrent evolution of the morphology and neural controller of simulated robots, and also introduces GENRE, an evolutionary system for evolving designs using this representation. Applying GENRE to the task of evolving robots for locomotion and comparing it against a nongenerative (direct) representation shows that the generative representation system rapidly produces robots with significantly greater fitness. Analyzing these results shows that the generative representation system achieves better performance by capturing useful bias from the design space and by allowing viable large scale mutations in the phenotype. Generative representations thereby enable the encapsulation, coordination, and reuse of assemblies of parts.

Extending geographical representation to include fields of spatial objects

Abstract: This paper describes a means for linking field and object representations of geographical space. The approach is based on a series of mappings, where locations in a continuous field are mapped to discrete objects. An object in this context is a modeler's conceptualization, as in a viewshed, highway corridor or biological reserve. An object can be represented as a point, line, polygon, network, or other complex spatial type. The relationship between locations in a field and spatial objects may take the form of one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-one, or many-to-many. We present a typology of object fields and discuss issues in their construction, storage, and analysis. Example applications are presented and directions for further research are offered.

Extending geographical representation to include é elds of spatial objects

Abstract: This paper describes a means for linking eeld and object representa- tions of geographical space. The approach is based on a series of mappings, where locations in a continuous eeld are mapped to discrete objects. An object in this context is a modeler's conceptualization, as in a viewshed, highway corridor or biological reserve. An object can be represented as a point, line, polygon, network, or other complex spatial type. The relationship between locations in a eeld and spatial objects may take the form of one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-one, or many-to-many. We present a typology of object eelds and discuss issues in their construction, storage, and analysis. Example applications are presented and directions for further research are oVered.

Function and behavior representation in conceptual mechanical design

Abstract: Conceptual design seeks to deliver design concepts that implement desired functions. Function and behavior are two dominant terms used in the research of this design phase. However, there are still some fundamental ambiguities and confusions over their representation, which have greatly hindered the interchange of research ideas and the development of design synthesis strategies. For conceptual design of mechanical products specifically, this paper attempts to clarify these ambiguities. It classifies function as purpose function and action function and relates them to the different levels of design hierarchy and abstraction. It distinguishes between semantic and syntactic representations of function and behavior and summarizes basic representation schemes. It also proposes an input–output action transformation scheme for semantic function representation and an input–output flow of action scheme for semantic behavior representation. Based on these discoveries, a refined framework is proposed for conceptual mechanical product design, where a function–decomposition–mapping process is elaborated to demonstrate the necessities and usefulness of the presented work.

Faceted Id/Entity : managing representation in a digital world

Abstract: In this thesis, i articulate a theory of how and why individuals use context to convey only a facet of their identity in social interactions. Through this lens, i discuss current issues in digital identity management. In this discussion, i focus on the role of design in affecting an individual's ability to maintain control of personal representation and identity information. I argue that the architecture of current digital environments has altered our notions of context, motivating users to develop new mechanisms for managing their presentation. I take the stance that users should have the ability to control their digital identity for the same reasons that they seek to control their physical identity, most notably to present themselves in an appropriate manner in relation to the current situation. From this perspective, i argue for a design approach that will aid sociable designers in developing human-centered technologies that allow for individual control over personal identity. First, i argue the need for mechanisms of self-awareness and discuss what forms of awareness users should have. In doing so, i analyze current approaches to awareness and critique my own work on Social Network Fragments, a visualization tool for revealing the structure of one's digital social network. Alongside self-awareness, i present the need for identity management and critique my work on SecureId, a prototype intended to give users control over their digital presentation by offering security through identity-based knowledge. This thesis argues for empowering users through awareness and control, so that they may provide the level of regulation that is desirable. In doing so, i offer a novel approach to context and identity management in digital social interaction. Thesis Advisor: Professor Judith Donath Program Media Arts and Sciences -----WON.

GermaNet - representation, visualization, application

Abstract: This paper outlines current developments centering around the lexical-semantic database GermaNet and its applicability both within language engineering tasks and on the Semantic Web. From this perspective, representation and standardization are considered to be crucial issues as regards compatibility and interoperability with other languages resources. Representation variants of lexical data, eg. XML-based formats, enable various web applications and data exchange. Furthermore, visualization tools for exploring ontologies can be adopted and enhanced.

Automatic window representation adjustment

Abstract: A method, system, and program for automatically adjusting window representations based on activity are provided. Current activity of a window element displayed within a graphical interface is detected. A representation of the window element is automatically adjusted within the display area to reflect current activity of the window element, such that the representation of the window element is graphically represented. In particular, the window element representation may include a minimized icon or an open window. Further, window element activity may include use of the window element, adjustments to the transparency of the window element representation or current resource usage associated with the window element.

Local non-negative matrix factorization as a visual representation

Abstract: Proposes a novel method, called local non-negative matrix factorization (LNMF), for learning a spatially localized, parts-based subspace representation of visual patterns. An objective function is defined to impose the localization constraint, in addition to the non-negativity constraint in the standard non-negative matrix factorization (NMF). This gives a set of bases which not only allows a non-subtractive (part-based) representation of images but also manifests localized features. An algorithm is presented for the learning of such basis components. Experimental results are presented to compare LNMF with the NMF and principal component analysis (PCA) methods for face representation and recognition, which demonstrates the advantages of LNMF. Based on our LNMF approach, a set of orthogonal, binary, localized basis components are learned from a well-aligned face image database. It leads to a Walsh function-based representation of the face images. These properties can be used to resolve the occlusion problem, improve the computing efficiency and compress the storage requirements of a face detection and recognition system.

Time and time again

Abstract: In the study of human–machine systems, the need to have a model of the user is by now taken for granted. The model can be used both as support for design and analysis and as a representation of the ...

A bibliography of terrain modeling (geomorphometry), the quantitative representation of topography: supplement 4.0

Abstract: This report adds over 1600 annotated references on the numerical characterization of topography, terrain modeling or geomorphometry, to a 1993 literature review and its first three updates. Erroneous references from the four earlier reports are corrected and many citations of historic interest are included; the cumulative archive is at 6000 entries. An introductory essay cites several hundred of the new entries. These are listed under various topic headings or referenced in brief discussions of several other areas of research, including terrain data and new parameters, neo-orometry, landslide-hazard mapping, Hack's Law, and early work on the mathematical representation of ridges and drainageways.

Text analysis technique

Abstract: One embodiment of the present invention includes means determining a concept representation for a set of text documents based on partial order analysis and modifying this representation if it is determined to be unidentifiable. Furthermore, the embodiment includes means for labeling the representation, mapping documents to it to provide a corresponding document representation, generating a number of document signatures each of a different type, and performing several data processing applications each with a different one of the document signatures of differing types.

The Role of Representation in Teaching and Learning Critical Thinking.

Abstract: Curriculum design in recent years reflects the growing belief in the importance of developing thinking skills. In this paper, we focus on a particular theoretical approach to the study and teaching of thinking: cognitive science. We first give a very brief review of the recent research on critical thinking. We then concentrate on what cognitive science can add by looking at models of how people learn and how they transfer what they learn from one context to another. The main concept we focus on is representation and the crucial aspects of systems of representation and the meaningful transformation of information. We present examples of how representations can support, or hinder, problem solving and communication. We also discuss the social aspects of representation, the challenges of language use, and the paradoxes thrown up by attempting to guide students to be more critical thinkers.

A Comprehensive Approach to Identifying and Addressing Issues of Disproportionate Representation

Abstract: Reasons for the disproportionate representation of students from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds in special education are multifaceted and shaped by the cultural experiences of students and professionals. With this perspective in mind, this article presents a comprehensive approach to identifying and addressing issues of disproportionate representation. Specifically, a list of questions that can be used to examine the extent to which issues and factors of disproportionality exist in schools is presented as well as strategies to address the needs of students from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds.

Systems and methods for collaborative shape design

Abstract: One embodiment of the present invention provides a computer-implemented method for collaborative shape design in a web-based system having a client (104) and a server (106). In this embodiment, the method includes obtaining shape information of shape on the client (502) via an user interface, sending the shape information from the client to the server (504), generating a three-dimensional representation of the shape on the server using the shape information (506), sending the three-dimensional representation of the shape to the client (508), and displaying the three-dimensional representation of the shape on the client (510). In one embodiment, the method further includes modifying the three-dimensional representation of the shape on the client (706), and sending the modified three-dimensional representation of the shape to the server (708).

Object Activation from Features in the Semantic System

Abstract: The human brain is thought to elicit an object representation via co-activation of neural regions that encode various object features. The cortical regions and mechanisms involved in this process have never been elucidated for the semantic system. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to evaluate regions activated during a task designed to elicit object activation within the semantic system (e.g., presenting the words "desert" and "humps" with the task to determine if they combine to form an object, in this case a "camel"). There were signal changes in the thalamus for word pairs that activated an object, but not for pairs that (a) failed to activate an object, (b) were simply semantically associated, or (c) were members of the same category. These results suggest that the thalamus has a critical role in coordinating the cortical activity required for activating an object concept in the semantic system.

Knowledge management system

Abstract: The present invention generally relates to knowledge management systems, and more particularly, to a computer-based knowledge management system. In the present description, a knowledge management is described which provides a visual representation of an organization wherein the individuals in the organization are linked to one another through knowledge artefacts. By use of the knowledge artefacts to link individuals, the knowledge management system of the present invention provides for an improved method for visualization of the knowledge exchanges that take place in an organization.