Showing papers on "Urinary bladder published in 1981"

Neurosecretory granules in small cell invasive carcinoma of the urinary bladder

Abstract: A 69-year-old man showed symptoms of urinary bladder irritability and hematuria. Cystoscopy and radiographic studies revealed a tumor within a bladder diverticulum. The tumor shared histologic and ultrastructural features with oat cell carcinoma of the lung, including the presence of small numbers of neurosecretory type granules. In spite of conservative surgical treatment, there has been no evidence of recurrent or metastatic tumor over 14 months of follow-up. Hypophosphatemia was present preoperatively, but resolved spontaneously after tumor resection. In regard to histogenesis, a metaplastic origin is favored. This appears to be the first reported case of a neoplasm of Kultschitzky-type cells arising in the urinary bladder.

Correlation between numbers of desmosomes and the aggressiveness of transitional cell carcinoma in human urinary bladder.

Abstract: Quantitative electron microscopy has been used to examine the correlation between numbers of desmosomes and the histopathological grade and stage of papillary transitional cell carcinomas in human urinary bladder. Numbers of desmosomes (desmosomal density) per 100 micrometers of cell perimeter were quantitated in 6 examples of normal epithelium, 11 noninvasive papillary transitional cell carcinomas, 8 invasive transitional cell carcinomas arising from papillary lesions, 3 invasive transitional cell carcinomas which had prominent foci of glandular and squamous differentiation, and 1 squamous cell carcinoma. Desmosomal densities were increased in noninvasive transitional cell carcinomas, as compared with normal epithelium, but decreased in invasive transitional cell carcinomas. However, in areas of glandular or squamous differentiation in invasive tumors, desmosomal densities were increased, possibly reflecting the changes in cell phenotype. The decrease in numbers of desmosomes in invasive transitional cell carcinomas may contribute to reductions in cell adhesiveness.

Aspirin Inhibition of N-[4-(5-Nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl]formamide-induced Lesions of the Urinary Bladder Correlated with Inhibition of Metabolism by Bladder Prostaglandin Endoperoxide Synthetase

Abstract: The effects of aspirin on N -[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl]-formamide (FANFT) -induced urinary bladder lesions, endogenous bladder prostaglandin E2 synthesis, and the metabolism of FANFT by bladder epithelial microsomes were examined. Rats were fed 0.5% aspirin and/or a diet containing 0.1% or 0.2% FANFT. Bladder lesions were observed with light and scanning electron microscopy, and the prostaglandin E2 content of rat bladder was measured by radioimmunoassay. Metabolism of FANFT was measured by decreased absorbance at 400 nm. Aspirin inhibited the appearance of hyperplastic lesions induced by feeding 0.1% or 0.2% FANFT for 6 or 12 weeks. Aspirin reduced bladder prostaglandin E2 content at 1, 2, 6, and 13 weeks compared to corresponding control values. Rat and rabbit microsomal metabolism of FANFT were dependent upon specific fatty acid substrates and prevented by specific inhibitors (including aspirin) of prostaglandin endoperoxide synthetase. Other inhibitor and substrate specificity studies suggest that FANFT was not metabolized by xanthine oxidase, lipoxygenase, lipid peroxidation, or mixed-function oxidases. These results suggest that the metabolism of FANFT by prostaglandin endoperoxide synthetase may be involved in the metabolic activation of FANFT necessary for the induction of bladder cancer in rats.

Arterial chemoembolization with mitomycin C microcapsules in the treatment of primary or secondary carcinoma of the kidney, liver, bone and intrapelvic organs.

Abstract: Selective intraarterial infusion of the ethylcellulose microcapsules of mitomycin C (MMC-mc) exerts its potential therapeutic effects through both infarction and prolonged local, drug activity, i.e., chemoembolization. Twenty patients with intractable primary, recurrent or metastatic carcinoma were treated with single or fractionated infusion of MMC-mc via percutaneous arterial catheterization. The target sites were the kidney, liver, prostate, urinary bladder, uterus, sigmoid colon, Douglas' pouch and bone. Fourteen patients had over 30% reduction in measurable maximum tumor diameter, 5 had 10 to 30% reduction and 1 showed less than 10% reduction, but concurrent 2 bone lesions had no reduction. Improvement of symptoms and signs such as pain, massive hemorrhage, dysuria, anorexia and hydronephrosis was observed at an early stage of the treatment in all patients. Eight patients with highly invasive carcinoma of the kidney, urinary bladder and cervix were initially treated with MMC-mc followed by successful radical operation. Systemic toxicity was mild and all patients tolerated the treatment. Although the follow-up periods are less than 21 months, 12 patients are alive with or without tumor and 11 of them are doing well. The present results indicate that chemoembolization with MMC-mc is effective as a preoperative or palliative measure in the treatment of invasive carcinoma of various organs.

Elastin and collagen in the normal and obstructed urinary bladder.

Abstract: Histological and chemical studies were carried out on the elastin and collagen content of the normal and the obstructed urinary bladder wall. The observations were made on 3 different age groups: (1) 3-month-old children with vesical outlet obstruction, (2) children aged between 4 and 8 years with partial vesical obstruction, and (3) adults with a chronically obstructed bladder. An increase in elastic tissue was shown only in the newborn and in the adults. The collagen did not vary in any of the cases studied. The elastin showed an increase in polar amino acids in the pathological organs compared with the normal. A similar increase in elastin was observed in normal individuals as a result of the ageing process.

N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine-induced urinary bladder cancer in C57BL/6 X DBA/2 F1 mice as a useful model for study of chemoprevention of cancer with retinoids.

Abstract: Highly invasive carcinomas of the urinary bladder were induced in male C57BL/6 X DBA/2 F1 (hereafter called B6D2F1) mice by gastric intubation of N-butyl-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine (OH-BBN) using a quantitative dosing schedule. Animals received either 5 or 10 mg OH-BBN per intubation, two times each week, for 9 weeks for a total dose of either 90 or 180 mg, and they were killed 6 months after the first carcinogen intubation. Seven days after the final intubation of OH-BBN, animals were fed either a placebo diet or diet supplemented with either 150 or 200 mg 13-cis-retinoic acid per kg of diet. A 41 and 43% incidence of urinary bladder cancer was observed in mice given the low and high dose of carcinogen, respectively, and fed a placebo diet. Sixty-seven % of the carcinomas induced in these animals invaded either into or through the urinary bladder wall. Varying degrees of transitional and either squamous or glandular or both squamous and glandular differentiation were observed in the carcinomas. Feeding of diet supplemented with 13-cis-retinoic acid reduced cancer incidence; the degree of reduction was proportional to the dose of retinoid administered. The highly invasive nature of the carcinomas induced by quantitative administration of OH-BBN in B6D2F1, mice provides a useful animal model of the highly invasive variant of human transitional cell urinary bladder cancer in which to study chemoprevention by retinoids as well as other compounds.

Scanning electron microscopic examination of reversible hyperplasia of the rat urinary bladder.

Abstract: Urinary bladder damage caused by surgical incision, freeze-ulceration, or formalin instillation in male Fischer 344 rats was studied by light and scanning electron microscopy. The first two methods resulted in focal ulceration of the urinary bladder; the last induced diffuse mucosal damage. With each method, the damage was followed by regenerative hyperplasia and repair, the bladder mucosa returning to normal in 3-4 weeks. Epithelial cells in the hyperplastic areas had ropy microridges and uniform short microvilli on their luminal surfaces as observed by scanning electron microscopy. When the hyperplasia was marked, with nodular and papillary formation, occasional epithelial cells had pleomorphic microvilli on their surfaces. Rats treated either by surgical incision or freeze-ulceration had normal bladders after a 2-year observation period. Combined with results from previous experiments, pleomorphic microvilli are not a marker of neoplasia or irreversibility but appear with marked or prolonged mucosal proliferation even if reversible.

Ureteric jet effect: the echographic appearance of urine entering the bladder. A means of identifying the bladder trigone and assessing ureteral function.

Abstract: In real-time ultrasound examinations of six women, jets of urine were noted to enter the bladder during the filling phase. The jets appeared at irregular intervals, and each jet lasted from a fraction of a second up to three seconds. The ureters functioned independently of each other. The flow characteristics of the urine jets were examined with a pulsed Doppler system, and Doppler wave spectral analysis was performed. Possible causes for the ultrasonographic appearance of these jets and their clinical relevance are discussed.

Electrical and mechanical activity of the isolated lower urinary tract of the guinea‐pig

Abstract: 1 Strips of urethra taken from guinea-pigs contracted in response to acetylcholine, noradrenaline (via alpha-adrenoceptors) and 5-hydroxytryptamine, and were relaxed by adenosine triphosphate (ATP) if the tone was raised. Isoprenaline produced relaxation of bladder strips (via beta-adrenoceptors) whereas ATP caused contraction. 2 Atropine completely blocked all responses to acetylcholine; quinidine failed to block ATP responses selectively; methysergide blocked responses of the urethra but not the bladder to 5-hydroxytryptamine. 3 Spontaneous electrical activity was recorded with intracellular microelectrodes from all regions: in the urethra infrequent bursts of spikes occurred at 1-7 min intervals; regular spikes at 6-30/min were recorded from the detrusor muscle. In the bladder base, bursts of spikes were superimposed on the regular pattern. 4 Bursts of spikes in the urethra were initiated by noradrenaline, phenylephrine or acetylcholine and inhibited by ATP; regular spikes in the bladder were accelerated by acetylcholine or ATP and slowed by noradrenaline or isoprenaline. 5 The intrinsic electrical activity and pharmacological properties of the urethra therefore differ from those of the bladder. This may account for the different responses of the two regions in normal function.

Uninhibited Neurogenic Bladder Treated with Prazosin

Abstract: The effect of the new alpha-adrenoreceptor blocking agent prazosin on hypermotility of the urinary bladder was investigated, using controlled cystometry in neurological patients with normal bladder or with uninhibited neurogenic bladder. In short-term administration of prazosin, the bladder capacity was markedly increased and the uninhibited detrusor contraction was diminished. Long-term treatment with prazosin gave subjectively improved micturition in patients with detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia. The cystometrograms then showed less pronounced improvement than in short-term medication. Prazosin offers a valuable supplement to the existing choice off therapeutic agents for uninhibited neurogenic bladder. Side effects of the drug were few.

Clinical evaluation of intraoperative radiotherapy for carcinoma of the urinary bladder.

Abstract: Intraoperative radiotherapy using one shot high dose electron irradiation was performed for 116 bladder cancer patients as a radical means of treatment for superficial bladder cancer. Additional fractionated external supervoltage irradiation covering the whole bladder was given in most of the cases. The one-, three-, and five-year survival rates were 100%, 100%, and 96.3% for T1 cases and 100%, 87.2%, and 61.6% for T2 cases, respectively. Heterotropic recurrences in the bladder were 5.3% within one year, 9.4% within two years, and 19.3% within five years, respectively. Normal vesical function was well preserved except in five patients who underwent total cystectomy subsequently because of multiple recurrences after radiotherapy and one patient who underwent urinary diversion because of contracted bladder and progressive bilateral hydronephrosis. Intraoperative radiotherapy was established as a reliable and superior method for the treatment of superficial bladder cancer because of the low recurrence rate and good preservation of vesical functions after treatment.

The ontogeny of the autonomic innervation and contractile response of the rabbit urinary bladder.

Abstract: Although there has been considerable research on urinary bladder innervation, physiology and response to pharmacological agent, very little information is available concerning the ontogeny of bladder innervation and the contractile response to autonomic agents. The developmental aspects of urinary bladder innervation and function have been studied in the rabbit utilizing the following techniques: histochemical methodology to demonstrate autonomic innervation; in vitro responses to autonomic agents to demonstrate contractile responses; and ratio-ligand binding assays to determine specific receptor densities. The results of these studies can be summarized as follows: 1) at birth, the density of adrenergic fibers in the rabbit urinary bladder is very sparse, whereas there is a dense cholinergic innervation present. Over the first 6 weeks of postnatal development, there is a rapid progressive increase in the density of adrenergic fibers, whereas there is no significant change in the cholinergic innervation; 2) at birth, isolated strips of bladder respond poorly to methoxamine (alpha adrenergic agonist) and isoproterenol (beta-adrenergic agonist), but well to bethanechol (muscarinic cholinergic) and ATP (purinergic); 3) at birth, the density of adrenergic alpha and beta receptors is low; over the first 6 weeks of postnatal development, the density increases progressively to adult levels. The muscarinic receptor density is high at birth and does not change significantly over the first 6 weeks of postnatal development.

Carcinoma of the urinary bladder (category T1NxM0) treated either by radium implant or by transurethral resection only.

Abstract: In a non-randomized prospective study, 345 patients with a single lesion bladder cancer category T 1 N X M 0 were treated primarily with a transurethral resection (TUR) only (148 patients) or with a radium implant after diagnostic TUR (197 patients). Prognosis after TUR is significantly worse than after the radium treatment. This is mainly a result of a higher risk of metastases, of bladder recurrences in a higher T-category and of multiple bladder recurrences. Moreover, the quality of life in the TUR group is worse than in the radium implant group because of more subsequent salvage treatments (cystectomy or a full course of irradiation).

Urinary Bladder Tumors Induced by N-Butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine in Dogs

Abstract: Clinicopathological, radiological, and histological studies were performed on urinary bladder neoplasia induced by N -butyl- N -(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine (BBN) in five adult beagle dogs and in ten adult mongrel dogs. Tumors of the urinary bladder developed in dogs given various daily doses of BBN p.o. for different periods. The latent period of tumor induction was 4 years in dogs receiving a daily dose of 80 mg of BBN, 2 to 2.5 years in dogs receiving a daily dose of 160 mg of BBN, and 1.5 years in dogs receiving a daily dose of 240 mg of BBN. The total dose of BBN ingested by the dogs until the first tumors were observed by urological examinations was nearly the same in all groups, 100 to 140 g. These results suggest that there is a correlation between dose and induction time, but further dose-response studies are required. Histologically, tumors of the urinary bladder were transitional cell papillomas or transitional cell carcinomas resembling morphologically those found in human cases. It is possible to observe the process of development of urinary bladder tumors from initial lesions to invasive tumors using routine urological examinations. We believe that this experimental model is valuable for clinicopathological studies of urinary bladder tumors.

Control of apical sodium permeability in the toad urinary bladder by aldosterone

Abstract: The adrenocorticosteroid aldosterone promotes Na reabsorption in a number of vertebrate epithelial organs, and is thereby an important determinant of salt and water balance. Edelman et a1.l proposed that the synthesis of RNA and, subsequently, of proteins mediates the action of aldosterone on epithelial Na transport. In a further elaborated model of mineralocorticoid action, Feldman et aL2 summarized the evidence that aldosterone enters the cells of target organs by diffusion across the plasma membrane, combines with and activates a cytoplasmic receptor protein, and is translocated as a steroid-receptor complex into the nucleus. Interaction of the complex with the nuclear chromatin leads to enhanced transcription of mRNA, which is then translated into new proteins in the cy t~p la sm.~ The new proteins ultimately produce the physiological effects on Na transport. In this paper we will review recent findings that support this model, and then focus on how the newly synthesized proteins regulate the Na transport system in the toad urinary bladder.

Metabolic abnormalities associated with rupture of the urinary bladder in neonatal foals.

Abstract: Rupture of the urinary bladder was diagnosed in 4 neonatal male foals. Marked hyponatremia, hypochloremia, and hyperkalemia developed in all 4 cases, and the electrolyte abnormalities were considered to be of potential diagnostic value. Blood urea nitrogen concentration was normal or only slightly higher than normal in 3 of 4 cases and therefore was not a reliable diagnostic test.

Smoking and Cancers of Bladder and Pancreas: Risks and Temporal Trends

Abstract: Mortality data from carcinomas of the pancreas (1941-75) and bladder (1941-70) in England and Wales were analyzed to study the association between cigarette smoking and these cancers. The analysis revealed that: a) The difference in male and female rates in these cancers is attributable to differences in smoking habits; b) the observed increase in mortality in these diseases is almost entirely due to a dramatic increase among smokers. The mortality rate among nonsmokers increased only slowly for carcinoma of the pancreas and actually fell for carcinoma of the bladder. This analysis, which is based on the total number of deaths in the population, yields estimates of relative risk associated with 20 pack-years of smoking of 1.6 and 3.0 for carcinomas of the pancreas and bladder, respectively. The proportion of deaths from carcinoma of the pancreas attributable to smoking increased from 25% in 1941-45 to 52% in 1971-75 in males and from 2 to 15% in females. The proportion of deaths from carcinoma of the bladder attributable to smoking increased form 53% in 1941-45 to 85% in 1966-70 in males and from 4 to 27% in females.

Effects of active peptides on the isolated muscle of the human urinary bladder.

Abstract: We studied the effect of 29 active peptides, six biogenic amines, and two prostaglandins on isolated preparations of the longitudinal muscle of the human urinary bladder. The peptide that had the most potent stimulant action was angiotensin II, followed by eledoisin and kassinin (substance P-like peptides), and by bombesin and litorin. The threshold dose of angiotensin was frequently as low as 0.3 to 0.5 ng per ml. Eledoisin showed approximately 10 per cent of the activity of angiotensin II. All peptides had a direct stimulant effect on vesical smooth muscle. Further studies are required to determine if angiotensin and/or substance P-like peptides are involved in the control of motility of the human urinary bladder, as constituents of the secretion of peptidergic nerves.