Showing papers by "Ashok Pandey published in 2009"

Biotechnology for Agro-Industrial-Residues-Utilisation

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Polyhydroxybutyrate production using agro-industrial residue as substrate by Bacillus sphaericus NCIM 5149

Abstract: The aim of this work was to study the production of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) using agro- industrial residues as the carbon source. Seven substrates, viz., wheat bran, potato starch, sesame oil cake, groundnut oil cake, cassava powder, jackfruit seed powder and corn flour were hydrolyzed using commercial enzymes and the hydrolyzates assessed for selecting the best substrate for PHB production. Jackfruit seed powder gave the maximum production of PHB under submerged fermentation using Bacillus sphaericus (19%) at the initial pH of 7.5.

Production and partial purification of α-amylase from a novel isolate Streptomyces gulbargensis

Abstract: Extracellular amylase production by a newly isolated alkali-thermotolerant strain Streptomyces gulbargensis DAS 131 was optimized and characterized. The highest amylase production was achieved by growing S. gulbargensis DAS 131 in media with 1% starch. Strain exhibited maximal activity at pH 9.0 and 45°C and relatively stable in alkaline conditions (pH 11). Starch and peptone were found to be the good source of carbon and nitrogen with a yield of 2,216.6 and 2,156.1 U, respectively. Maltose and maltotriose were the main end products of starch hydrolysis, indicating α-amylase activity. SDS-PAGE analysis revealed a monomeric form with a molecular weight of 55 kDa.

Biochemical characterization of raw-starch-digesting alpha amylase purified from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens.

Abstract: Alpha amylase (EC 3211) of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens produced by submerged fermentation was purified to near homogeneity by ion exchange chromatography Through the process 386-fold increase in purity with a specific activity of 72 U/mg proteins was obtained The apparent molecular weight of the purified enzyme was found to be 58 kDa by SDS-PAGE The enzyme was relatively stable between pH 50–80 and temperature between 50 and 60°C The enzyme did not show any obligate requirement of metal ions but Ca2+ and Cu2+ enhanced the enzyme activity marginally and the thermostability was enhanced in the presence of Ca2+ ions The purified enzyme exhibited maximal substrate specificity for amylose and efficiency in digesting various raw starches The K m and V max of the enzyme was determined using both amylose and soluble starch as substrate The analysis of the hydrolyzed products of soluble starch by thin layer chromatography showed the yield of maltosaccharides after 6 h of hydrolysis

Solid-State Fermentation Technology for Bioconversion of Biomass and Agricultural Residues

Abstract: Solid-state fermentations (SSF) have attracted a renewed interest and attention from researchers due to recent developments in the field of microbial-biotechnology. Hence, for the practical, economical and environmentally-friendly bioconversion of agro-industrial wastes, solid state or substrate fermentation has been researched globally and proved to be the ideal technology for this purpose. In this chapter some important aspects of solid-state cultivation system have been discussed, including the variety of substrates and microorganisms used in SSF for the production of various end products; and the performance control of system by regulation of important factors.

Isolation and characterization of plant growth-promoting strain Pantoea NII-186. From Western Ghat Forest soil, India

Abstract: Aims To isolate plant growth-promoting bacterium from Western Ghat forests in India. Methods and results A Gram-negative, rod shaped, cream white coloured strain Pantoea NII-186 isolated from Western Ghat soil sample. The taxonomic position of the bacterium was confirmed by sequencing of 16S rRNA and phylogenetic analysis. A strain grew at a wide range of temperature ranging from 5-40 degrees C, but optimum growth was observed at 28-30 degrees C. It showed multiple plant growth-promoting attributes such as phosphate solubilization activity, indole acetic acid (IAA) production, siderophore production and HCN production. It was able to solubilize (28 microg of Ca(3)PO(4) ml(-1) day(-1)), and produce IAA (59 microg) at 28 degrees C. The solubilization of insoluble phosphate was associates with a drop in the pH of the culture medium. Pantoea sp. NII-186 tolerate to different environmental stresses like 5-40 degrees C, 0-7% salt concentration and 4-12 pH range. Conclusions The 16S rRNA gene sequence confirmed that the isolate NII-186 was belongs to Pantoea genus and showed considerable differences in physiological properties with previously reported species of this genus. Isolate NII-186 possessed multiple attributes of plant growth-promoting activity. Significance and impact of the study Hence in the context it is proposed that Pantoea sp. NII-186, could be deployed as an inoculant to attain the desired plant growth-promoting activity in agricultural environment.

Advances in Research of Polysaccharides in Cordyceps Species

Abstract: Summary Cordyceps sinensis (Berk.) Sacc. is one of the well-described fungi that has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for over 700 years. Fungal mycelia contain some polysaccharides that are responsible for their biological activity. C. sinensis has traditionally been cultivated on the high Tibetan plateau as a parasitic fungus growing on caterpillars. However, currently it is being cultivated on some insects and in artificial media. This article deals with the advances in the production, isolation and purification of Cordyceps polysaccharide (CP) in recent years, as well as the structure elucidation and pharmacological action. The article also aims to provide some references for further application and exploitation in the future.

Phytodegradation Potential of Erythrina crista-galli L., Fabaceae, in Petroleum-Contaminated Soil

Abstract: This work aimed at investigating both the tolerance and the phytodegradation potential of Erythrina crista-galli L. in petroleum-contaminated soil. It consisted in analyzing E. crista-galli germination, surviving, growth, and development when cultivated at different contaminant concentrations and pollutant degradation rates. This specimen was selected because it presented a special behavior among others also exposed to petroleum in an accident that occurred in the Araucaria region (south of Brazil), resulting in a four-million-liter oil spill. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse containing non-contaminated soil (NCS), vegetated contaminated soil (VCS), and non-vegetated contaminated soil (NVCS) at the following petroleum concentrations: 25 g kg−1 (VCS-25), 50 g kg−1 (VCS-50), and 75 g kg−1 (VCS-75). After 60 days, the soil samples were analyzed by gas chromatography. Germination was more and more evident as higher petroleum concentrations were observed. The surviving rates of groups NCS, VCS-25, VCS-50, and VCS-75 were 64%, 70%, 61%, and 96%, respectively. The VCS group growth was reduced when compared to the control group (NCS). The individuals exposed to petroleum pollution presented differences in the anatomic structure of their roots when compared to the NCS group. It was observed that the petroleum degradation rate was higher for VCS group than for NVCS. E. crista-galli is potentially recommended for petroleum-contaminated soils because of its positive association in the presence of contamination.

A new alternative to produce gibberellic acid by solid state fermentation

Abstract: Gibberellic acid (GA3) is an important hormone, which controls plant's growth and development. Solid State Fermentation (SSF) allows the use of agro-industrial residues reducing the production costs. The screening of strains (four of Gibberella fujikuoroi and one of Fusarium moniliforme) and substrates (citric pulp, soy bran, sugarcane bagasse, soy husk, cassava bagasse and coffee husk) and inoculum preparation study were conducted in order to evaluate the best conditions to produce GA3 by SSF. Fermentation assays were carried out in erlenmeyers flasks at 29°C, with initial moisture of 75-80%. Different medium for inoculum production were tested in relation to cells viability and GA3 production by SSF. F. moniliforme LPB 03 and citric pulp were chosen for GA3 production. The best medium for inoculum production was citric pulp extract supplemented with sucrose. GA3 production by SSF reached 5.9 g /kg of dry CP after 3 days of fermentation.

Improvement on Citric Acid Production in Solid-state Fermentation by Aspergillus niger LPB BC Mutant Using Citric Pulp

Abstract: Citric acid (CA) production has been conducted through a careful strain selection, physical-chemical optimization and mutation. The aim of this work was to optimize the physical-chemical conditions of CA production by solid-state fermentation (SSF) using the Aspergillus niger LPB BC strain, which was isolated in our laboratory. The parental and mutant strain showed a good production of CA using citric pulp (CP) as a substrate. The physical-chemical parameters were optimized and the best production was reached at 65% moisture, 30 °C and pH 5.5. The influence of the addition of commercial and alternative sugars, nitrogen sources, salts, and alcohols was also studied. The best results (445.4 g of CA/kg of CP) were obtained with sugarcane molasses and 4% methanol (v/w). The mutagenesis induction of LPB BC was performed with UV irradiation. Eleven mutant strains were tested in SSF where two mutants showed a higher CA production when compared to the parental strain. A. niger LPB B3 produced 537.6 g of CA/kg of CP on the sixth day of fermentation, while A. niger LPB B6 produced 616.5 g of CA/kg of CP on the fourth day of fermentation, representing a 19.5% and 37% gain, respectively.

Isolation and Characterization of High-Strength Phenol-Degrading Novel Bacterium of the Pantoea Genus

Abstract: A new indigenous soil bacterium Pantoea strain NII-153 utilizing phenol as a sole carbon source was isolated and characterized. Phylogenetic analysis suggested its classification to the Enterobacteriaceae family, with 95.0% gene sequence similarity to Pantoea ananatis ATCC 33244. Biodegradation rates of phenol by NII-153 were found to be more effective at 64 h with initial concentration of 600 mg L− 1 of phenol and this is the first report of such activity in Pantoea species. Strain NII-153 has showed high tolerance to phenol concentration (900 mg L− 1). Therefore, strain NII-153 could be used for biotreatment of high-strength phenol-containing industrial effluents and for bioremediation of phenol-contaminated soils.

Biodegradation and Recycling of Urban Solid Waste

Abstract: Problem statement: Rapid urbanization and population growth are largely responsible for very high increasing rate of solid waste in the urban areas, its proper management and recycling is major problems of Municipal Corporation. The proposed study attempted to proper management, physicochemical analysis of Urban Solid Waste (USW) and its conversion to enriched compost by ecofriendly process. Approach: For this study, we used turned windrows method for composting of USW, microbial inoculums added uniformly and temperature, pH, moisture maintained throughout the composting process. The chemical composition of compost obtained at the end of the composting process compare to the United State Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) standards. Results: A study in Jabalpur had shown the 47% of Urban Solid Waste (USW) were degradable and 53% non-degradable. The initial compositions of urban waste were indicates an organic carbon status of 38% with the C: N ratio of 950. The additives used in solid urban waste composting such as cow dung and green manure recorded organic carbon content of 25.60 and 34.60 and C:N ratio of 30.11 and 11.23. Conclusion: The results of the study clearly indicate that the recycling of solid urban waste can transform garbage or municipal solid waste to enriched composts. This is practical significance if adopted by urban farmers as a result of soil health and in turn the productivity of soil can be maintained for further agriculture.

Effect of precultural and nutritional parameters on compactin production by solid-state fermentation.

Abstract: In the present study, production of compactin by Penicillium brevicompactum WA 2315 was studied. In the first step, various precultural parameters were studied by substituting one factor at a time. Subsequently, the effect of maltodextrin DE 18 on compactin production was studied. The optimized parameters gave maximum compactin production of 850 mug/gds as compared with 678 mug/gds before optimization. Statistical study was performed to further improve the production and develop a robust model. An improved yield of 950 mug/gds was obtained using the conditions proposed by the experimental model. The present study emphasizes the importance of precultural and nutritional parameters on the production of compactin, and further confirms the usefulness of solid-state fermentation for the production of industrially important secondary metabolites. It also confirms that complex nitrogen sources such as oil cakes can be used for the production of compactin.

Application of response surface method for studying the role of dissolved oxygen and agitation speed on gamma-linolenic acid production.

Abstract: To study the effect of agitation speed (rpm) and dissolved oxygen concentration (DO) on the production of gamma linolenic acid by Mucor sp. RRL001, a central composite design experiment was performed in a 5-L stirred tank bioreactor. The design consisted of a total of 10 runs consisting of runs at five levels for each factor and was divided in two blocks. The ANOVA analysis and Pareto chart of effects suggested agitation speed (p = 0.0142) linear effect and DO concentration (p = 0.0342) quadratic effects were significant factors with significant contribution to the response. The validation run based on the optimum production zone in response surface plot resulted in the maximum 350.3 mg l−1 GLA yield as compared with model predicted value of 340.7 mg l−1. The study suggests that agitation rate is having more pronounced effect on GLA yield than dissolved oxygen concentration by ensuring enhanced mass transfer and by preventing wall growth at elevated agitation speed. Also, it shows that higher GLA yields can be obtained in a simple medium at moderate oxygen saturation and that the Mucor sp. RRL001 is resistant to high agitation linked shear stress and suitable for GLA production at higher scale.

Compactin Production Studies Using Penicillium brevicompactum Under Solid-State Fermentation Conditions

Abstract: In the present study, compactin production by Penicillium brevicompactum WA 2315 was optimized using solid-state fermentation. The initial one factor at a time approach resulted in improved compactin production of 905 μg gds−1 compared to initial 450 μg gds−1. Subsequently, nutritional, physiological, and biological parameters were screened using fractional factorial and Box–Behnken design. The fractional factorial design studied inoculum age, inoculum volume, pH, NaCl, NH4NO3, MgSO4, and KH2PO4. All parameters were found to be significant except pH and KH2PO4. The Box–Behnken design studied inoculum volume, inoculum age, glycerol, and NH4NO3 at three different levels. Inoculum volume (p = 0.0013) and glycerol (p = 0.0001) were significant factors with greater effect on response. The interaction effects were not significant. The validation study using model-defined conditions resulted in an improved yield of 1,250 μg gds−1 compactin. Further improvement in yield was obtained using fed batch mode of carbon supplementation. The feeding of glycerol (20% v/v) on day 3 resulted in further improved compactin yield of 1,406 μg gds−1. The present study demonstrates that agro-industrial residues can be successfully used for compactin production, and statistical experiment designs provide an easy tool to improve the process conditions for secondary metabolite production.

Polyphasic Taxonomy of Novel Actinobacteria Showing Macromolecule Degradation Potentials in Bigeum Island, Korea

Abstract: Aerobic, alkaliphilic to alkalitolerant and mesophilic bacteria were isolated and characterized from soil and sediment samples collected from Bigeum Island, South Korea. The total numbers of microorganisms in the soil and sediment samples were found to be 10(3)-10(5) cfu/g and 10(2)-10(7) cfu/g, respectively. A total of 163 isolates were isolated and subjected to further characterization on the basis of pH, temperature and salt tolerance. Among the 163 isolates, 54 were selected based on their tolerance attributes to temperature, pH and NaCl. Out of the 54 isolates, 27 were further selected based on their multiple tolerance ability and enzyme profile and were subjected to 16S rRNA gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. The latter indicated that most of the Bigeum Island isolates were related to the phylum Actinobacteria. The phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences placed the 27 isolates into 9 different major bacterial genera, each genus comprising pure cultures that shared < or =97% sequence identity and 18 putative novel species. Most of the strains were alkalitolerant and mesophilic, and produced biotechnologically important enzymes at alkaline pH.