XI. STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVING DIABETES CARE D iabetes is a chronic illness that requires continuing medical care and patient self-management education to prevent acute complications and to reduce the risk of long-term complications. Diabetes care is complex and requires that many issues, beyond glycemic control, be addressed. A large body of evidence exists that supports a range of interventions to improve diabetes outcomes. These standards of care are intended to provide clinicians, patients, researchers, payors, and other interested individuals with the components of diabetes care, treatment goals, and tools to evaluate the quality of care. While individual preferences, comorbidities, and other patient factors may require modification of goals, targets that are desirable for most patients with diabetes are provided. These standards are not intended to preclude more extensive evaluation and management of the patient by other specialists as needed. For more detailed information, refer to Bode (Ed.): Medical Management of Type 1 Diabetes (1), Burant (Ed): Medical Management of Type 2 Diabetes (2), and Klingensmith (Ed): Intensive Diabetes Management (3). The recommendations included are diagnostic and therapeutic actions that are known or believed to favorably affect health outcomes of patients with diabetes. A grading system (Table 1), developed by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and modeled after existing methods, was utilized to clarify and codify the evidence that forms the basis for the recommendations. The level of evidence that supports each recommendation is listed after each recommendation using the letters A, B, C, or E.

Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes

AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a crucial cellular energy sensor. Once activated by falling energy status, it promotes ATP production by increasing the activity or expression of proteins involved in catabolism while conserving ATP by switching off biosynthetic pathways. AMPK also regulates metabolic energy balance at the whole-body level. For example, it mediates the effects of agents acting on the hypothalamus that promote feeding and entrains circadian rhythms of metabolism and feeding behaviour. Finally, recent studies reveal that AMPK conserves ATP levels through the regulation of processes other than metabolism, such as the cell cycle and neuronal membrane excitability.

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AMPK: a nutrient and energy sensor that maintains energy homeostasis

I read this book the same weekend that the Packers took on the Rams, and the experience of the latter event, obviously, colored my judgment. Although I abhor anything that smacks of being a handbook (like, \"How to Earn a Merit Badge in Neurosurgery\") because too many volumes in biomedical science already evince a boyscout-like approach, I must confess that parts of this volume are fast, scholarly, and significant, with certain reservations. I like parts of this well-illustrated book because Dr. Sj6strand, without so stating, develops certain subjects on technique in relation to the acquisition of judgment and sophistication. And this is important! So, given that the author (like all of us) is somewhat deficient in some areas, and biased in others, the book is still valuable if the uninitiated reader swallows it in a general fashion, realizing full well that what will be required from the reader is a modulation to fit his vision, propreception, adaptation and response, and the kind of problem he is undertaking. A major deficiency of this book is revealed by comparison of its use of physics and of chemistry to provide understanding and background for the application of high resolution electron microscopy to problems in biology. Since the volume is keyed to high resolution electron microscopy, which is a sophisticated form of structural analysis, but really morphology in a modern guise, the physical and mechanical background of The instrument and its ancillary tools are simply and well presented. The potential use of chemical or cytochemical information as it relates to biological fine structure , however, is quite deficient. I wonder when even sophisticated morphol-ogists will consider fixation a reaction and not a technique; only then will the fundamentals become self-evident and predictable and this sine qua flon will become less mystical. Staining reactions (the most inadequate chapter) ought to be something more than a technique to selectively enhance contrast of morphological elements; it ought to give the structural addresses of some of the chemical residents of cell components. Is it pertinent that auto-radiography gets singled out for more complete coverage than other significant aspects of cytochemistry by a high resolution microscopist, when it has a built-in minimal error of 1,000 A in standard practice? I don't mean to blind-side (in strict football terminology) Dr. Sj6strand's efforts for what is \"routinely used in our laboratory\"; what is done is usually well done. It's just that …

Methods in Enzymology.

The TRIPOD (Transparent Reporting of a multivariable prediction model for Individual Prognosis Or Diagnosis) Statement includes a 22-item checklist, which aims to improve the reporting of studies developing, validating, or updating a prediction model, whether for diagnostic or prognostic purposes. The TRIPOD Statement aims to improve the transparency of the reporting of a prediction model study regardless of the study methods used. This explanation and elaboration document describes the rationale; clarifies the meaning of each item; and discusses why transparent reporting is important, with a view to assessing risk of bias and clinical usefulness of the prediction model. Each checklist item of the TRIPOD Statement is explained in detail and accompanied by published examples of good reporting. The document also provides a valuable reference of issues to consider when designing, conducting, and analyzing prediction model studies. To aid the editorial process and help peer reviewers and, ultimately, readers and systematic reviewers of prediction model studies, it is recommended that authors include a completed checklist in their submission. The TRIPOD checklist can also be downloaded from www.tripod-statement.org.

/pdf/transparent-reporting-of-a-multivariable-prediction-model-3n8wy14hp9.pdf

Transparent Reporting of a multivariable prediction model for Individual Prognosis or Diagnosis (TRIPOD): explanation and elaboration.

Non-thrombotic PE does not represent a distinct clinical syndrome. It may be due to a variety of embolic materials and result in a wide spectrum of clinical presentations, making the diagnosis difficult. With the exception of severe air and fat embolism, the haemodynamic consequences of non-thrombotic emboli are usually mild. Treatment is mostly supportive but may differ according to the type of embolic material and clinical severity.

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Guidelines on the Diagnosis and Management of Acute Pulmonary Embolism: The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Acute Pulmonary Embolism of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)

/pdf/spotlight-on-fatty-acids-in-cell-signaling-the-13th-facs-4lnvba45fr.pdf

Spotlight on fatty acids in cell signaling: The 13th FACS meeting.

The role of post-translational protein modifications on heart and vascular metabolism☆

Metabolically Relevant Cell Biology - Role of Intracellular Organelles for Cardiac Metabolism

OBJECTIVE: Parental high-fat feeding was proposed to negatively impact metabolic health in offspring. Here, the ectopic fat storage in heart and liver in offspring was investigated, and the effects on mitochondrial function, de novo lipogenesis, and postprandial lipid metabolism were explored in detail. METHODS: Male and female mice received either a high-fat (HF) or standard chow (LF) diet during mating, gestation and lactation. All offspring animals received the HF diet. RESULTS: Abdominal visceral adipose tissue tended to be higher in HF/HF mice. Cardiac lipid content was also higher in the HF/HF mice (LF/HF vs. HF/HF: 1.03% +/- 0.08% vs. 1.33% +/- 0.07% of water signal, P = 0.01). In contrast, hepatic lipid content tended to be lower in HF/HF mice compared to LF/HF mice. A severely disturbed postprandial lipid clearance was revealed in HF/HF mice by the results from the triglyceride (TG) tolerance tests (LF/HF vs. HF/HF: 6,753 +/- 2,213 vs. 14,367 +/- 1,978 mmol l(-1) min(-1) , P = 0.01) and (13) C-fatty acid retention test (LF/HF vs. HF/HF: 2.73% +/- 0.85% vs. 0.89% +/- 0.26% retention from bolus, P = 0.04), which may underlie the lower hepatic lipid content. CONCLUSIONS: Here it is shown that HF diet negatively impacts postprandial TG clearance in offspring and results in an overall metabolic unfavorable phenotype and ectopic lipid deposition in the heart and in visceral storage sites.

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Effects of high-fat feeding on ectopic fat storage and postprandial lipid metabolism in mouse offspring

This invention is in the field of molecular medicine and provides new leads for anti-diabetic therapies. More in particular it relates to a method for specifically increasing glucose uptake in a muscle cell wherein a stimulus is provided to said muscle cell upon which stimulus the major cardiac glucose transporter GLUT4 is translocated from the GLUT4 storage compartment directly to the sarcolemma, thereby by-passing the insulin-responsive recycling endosomes, wherein said stimulus does not alter the uptake of long-chain fatty acids in said muscle cell.

Jan F. C. Glatz

Papers

Spotlight on fatty acids in cell signaling: The 13th FACS meeting.

The role of post-translational protein modifications on heart and vascular metabolism☆

Metabolically Relevant Cell Biology - Role of Intracellular Organelles for Cardiac Metabolism

Effects of high-fat feeding on ectopic fat storage and postprandial lipid metabolism in mouse offspring

Modulation of substrate preference by selective translocation of the major cardiac glucose transporter Glut4