Karl Stein

TL;DR: A synopsis of the current understanding of the spatio-temporal complexity of this important climate mode and its influence on the Earth system is provided and a unifying framework that identifies the key factors for this complexity is proposed.

TL;DR: The authors synthesize advances in observed and projected changes of multiple aspects of the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), including the processes behind such changes, and reveal projected increases in ENSO magnitude under greenhouse warming, as well as an eastward shift and intensification of the Pacific-North American and Pacific-South American patterns.

TL;DR: In this paper, a parametric recharge oscillator (PRO) model of ENSO is proposed to account for the synchronization between seasonal variance, amplitude modulation, and 2:1 phase synchronization to the annual cycle.

TL;DR: In this paper, a large ensemble of climate change projections conducted with the Community Earth System Model version 2 was used to examine the sensitivity of internal climate fluctuations to greenhouse warming, revealing that changes in variability, considered broadly in terms of probability distribution, amplitude, frequency, phasing, and patterns, are ubiquitous and span a wide range of physical and ecosystem variables across many spatial and temporal scales.

TL;DR: The South Pacific Convergence Zone is the largest rainband in the Southern Hemisphere and its response to global warming is still undetermined as mentioned in this paper, and a hierarchy of climate models show that the uncertainty in rainfall projections in the South Pacific convergence zone is the result of two competing mechanisms.