Kim M. Cobb

TL;DR: The North Pacific Gyre Oscillation (NPGO) as mentioned in this paper is the most widely used index of large-scale climate variability in the Northeast Pacific region and has been shown to be correlated with previously unexplained fluctuations of salinity, nutrients, chlorophyll, and zooplankton taxa.

TL;DR: Fossil-coral oxygen isotopic records from Palmyra Island are splice together to provide 30–150-year windows of tropical Pacific climate variability within the last 1,100 years, implying that the majority of ENSO variability over the last millennium may have arisen from dynamics internal to the ENSo system itself.

TL;DR: In this article, the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) is not a single phenomenon, but is instead the result of a combination of different physical processes, including remote tropical forcing and local North Pacific atmosphere-ocean interactions, which operate on different time scales to drive similar PDO-like SST anomaly patterns.

TL;DR: A review of late-Holocene palaeoclimaoclimatology represents the results from a PAGES/CLIVAR Intersection Panel meeting that took place in June 2006 as mentioned in this paper, emphasizing current issues in their use for climate reconstruction; various approaches that have been adopted to combine multiple climate proxy records to provide estimates of past annual-to-decadal timescale Northern Hemisphere surface temperatures and other climate variables, such as large-scale circulation indices; and the forcing histories used in climate model simulations of the past millennium.

TL;DR: A review of the state of knowledge on the El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO), a natural climate phenomenon, can be found in this article, where the authors discuss recent advances and insights into how climate change will affect this natural climate varibility cycle.