비만아 부모의 돌봄 경험: q 방법론

After two decades of research and development, elliptic curve cryptography now has widespread exposure and acceptance. Industry, banking, and government standards are in place to facilitate extensive deployment of this efficient public-key mechanism. Anchored by a comprehensive treatment of the practical aspects of elliptic curve cryptography (ECC), this guide explains the basic mathematics, describes state-of-the-art implementation methods, and presents standardized protocols for public-key encryption, digital signatures, and key establishment. In addition, the book addresses some issues that arise in software and hardware implementation, as well as side-channel attacks and countermeasures. Readers receive the theoretical fundamentals as an underpinning for a wealth of practical and accessible knowledge about efficient application. Features & Benefits: * Breadth of coverage and unified, integrated approach to elliptic curve cryptosystems * Describes important industry and government protocols, such as the FIPS 186-2 standard from the U.S. National Institute for Standards and Technology * Provides full exposition on techniques for efficiently implementing finite-field and elliptic curve arithmetic* Distills complex mathematics and algorithms for easy understanding* Includes useful literature references, a list of algorithms, and appendices on sample parameters, ECC standards, and software toolsThis comprehensive, highly focused reference is a useful and indispensable resource for practitioners, professionals, or researchers in computer science, computer engineering, network design, and network data security.

https://cdn.preterhuman.net/texts/cryptography/Hankerson,%20Menezes,%20Vanstone.%20Guide%20to%20elliptic%20curve%20cryptography%20(Springer,%202004)(ISBN%20038795273X)(332s)_CsCr_.pdf

Guide to Elliptic Curve Cryptography

National Institute of Standards and Technology における超伝導研究及び生活

Most of the signal processing that we will study in this course involves local operations on a signal, namely transforming the signal by applying linear combinations of values in the neighborhood of each sample point. You are familiar with such operations from Calculus, namely, taking derivatives and you are also familiar with this from optics namely blurring a signal. We will be looking at sampled signals only. Let's start with a few basic examples. Local difference Suppose we have a 1D image and we take the local difference of intensities, DI(x) = 1 2 (I(x + 1) − I(x − 1)) which give a discrete approximation to a partial derivative. (We compute this for each x in the image.) What is the effect of such a transformation? One key idea is that such a derivative would be useful for marking positions where the intensity changes. Such a change is called an edge. It is important to detect edges in images because they often mark locations at which object properties change. These can include changes in illumination along a surface due to a shadow boundary, or a material (pigment) change, or a change in depth as when one object ends and another begins. The computational problem of finding intensity edges in images is called edge detection. We could look for positions at which DI(x) has a large negative or positive value. Large positive values indicate an edge that goes from low to high intensity, and large negative values indicate an edge that goes from high to low intensity. Example Suppose the image consists of a single (slightly sloped) edge:

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/5/31307/01456462.pdf

Linear systems

Ad hoc wireless networks enable new and exciting applications, but also pose significant technical challenges. In this article we give a brief overview of ad hoc wireless networks and their applications with a particular emphasis on energy constraints. We then discuss advances in the link, multiple access, network, and application protocols for these networks. We show that cross-layer design of these protocols is imperative to meet emerging application requirements, particularly when energy is a limited resource.

Design challenges for energy-constrained ad hoc wireless networks

Scattered look-ahead pipelining method can be efficiently used for high sample rate or low-power applications of digital recursive filters. Although the pipelined filters are guaranteed to be stable by this method, these filters suffer from large roundoff noise when the poles are crowded within some critical regions. To avoid this problem, a low-noise implementation technique is proposed. This method is based on the roundoff noise analysis of pipelined recursive filters and a constrained filter design approach using constrained Remez exchange algorithm. By the constrained filter design approach, the desired filter spectrum is satisfied while some of the pole angles are constrained to avoid pole crowding within critical regions. In addition, the constrained poles satisfy pipelining property without pole-zero cancellation, which leads to very hardware efficient design.

Low-noise implementation technique for pipelined filters with crowded poles

: The work reported in this document is concerned with the development of CAD tools, design methodologies, and architectures for the following topics of VLSI digital signal processing: high-level transformations and synthesis, discrete wavelet transform, high-speed digital subscriber loops, and finite field arithmetic for use in Reed-Solomon coders. Through this research we developed fast and efficient algorithms, ILP models, and tools that would reduce the time to explore the design space and locate an area optimal design of ASICs for DSP applications within a heterogeneous environment.

http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA397589&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf

Design Tools and Architectures for Dedicated Digital Signal Processing (DSP) Processors

Digital Signal Processing for Embedded Communications and Biomedical Systems

We show theoretically that the average energy consumption of a ripple-carry adder is O(W), and the upper bound on the average energy consumption is O(W log2 W), where W is the word-length of the operands. Our theoretical analysis is based on a simple state transition diagram (STD) model of a full adder cell and the observations that the average length of a carry propagation chain is v = 2, and the average length of the maximum carry chain is v 5 logzW. To verify our theoretical conclusions, we use the HEAT CAD tool to estimate the average power consumed by the ripple-carry adder for word-lengths 4 5 W 5 64. The experimental results show that, for W 2 16, the error in our theoretical estimations is around 15%.

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel3/4071/12058/00558326.pdf

Estimation of average energy based on average length carry chains consumption of ripple-carry adder

This paper develops and demonstrates the design and optimization method for fixed coefficient Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filters using sub-threshold circuits to achieve the minimum energy per operation. Sub-threshold circuit current, delay, power consumption, energy per operation and temperature dependence are modeled theoretically and analyzed using Matlab. Then the filter design and optimization are presented. With a frequency characteristic of 80 dB magnitude and 9.6 kHz bandwidth, the 16-bit fixed-point coefficients of the linear phase equiripple low-pass filter are generated from Matlab. Canonical Signed Digit (CSD) arithmetic is used for multiplierless design to improve both cost and performance. The transposed structure and symmetry structure are applied to optimize the delay and cost further. Horner's rule is used to improve the precision. Tree-height reduction and subexpression sharing at Register Transfer Level (RTL) are used for further delay and cost reduction. Six versions of the filter with the same group of coefficients are designed and synthesized using Design Compiler with a 65 nm process. Synthesis results show that the area of the final version is reduced by 44% compared with the original design at a fixed frequency of 250 MHz, and at the highest frequency of each design, the area is reduce by about 23% while the performance is improved by 60%. These results show the design and optimization method developed in this paper can improve both the area and performance significantly. One adder from the synthesis netlist is simulated at the transistor-level using HSPICE to obtain characteristics of sub-threshold operations. The supply voltage varies from 1.2 to 0.08 V and temperatures from 0 to 110°C. The experiment results verify most characteristics of the sub-threshold models, but also reveal some limitations and defects of the theoretical models and previous results. The observations are discussed carefully with quantitative and qualitative analysis. For 25°C, the minimum energy point for the adder is 0.22 V. Finally, the results of the adder are used to estimate the energy per operation for the filters. For a fixed frequency of 36.4 kHz at 0.22 V, the estimated energy values vary from 4.8 to about 2.7 pJ for the six designed filters.

Keshab K. Parhi

Papers

Low-noise implementation technique for pipelined filters with crowded poles

Design Tools and Architectures for Dedicated Digital Signal Processing (DSP) Processors

Digital Signal Processing for Embedded Communications and Biomedical Systems

Estimation of average energy based on average length carry chains consumption of ripple-carry adder

Design and Optimization of Multiplierless FIR Filters Using Sub-Threshold Circuits