비만아 부모의 돌봄 경험: q 방법론

After two decades of research and development, elliptic curve cryptography now has widespread exposure and acceptance. Industry, banking, and government standards are in place to facilitate extensive deployment of this efficient public-key mechanism. Anchored by a comprehensive treatment of the practical aspects of elliptic curve cryptography (ECC), this guide explains the basic mathematics, describes state-of-the-art implementation methods, and presents standardized protocols for public-key encryption, digital signatures, and key establishment. In addition, the book addresses some issues that arise in software and hardware implementation, as well as side-channel attacks and countermeasures. Readers receive the theoretical fundamentals as an underpinning for a wealth of practical and accessible knowledge about efficient application. Features & Benefits: * Breadth of coverage and unified, integrated approach to elliptic curve cryptosystems * Describes important industry and government protocols, such as the FIPS 186-2 standard from the U.S. National Institute for Standards and Technology * Provides full exposition on techniques for efficiently implementing finite-field and elliptic curve arithmetic* Distills complex mathematics and algorithms for easy understanding* Includes useful literature references, a list of algorithms, and appendices on sample parameters, ECC standards, and software toolsThis comprehensive, highly focused reference is a useful and indispensable resource for practitioners, professionals, or researchers in computer science, computer engineering, network design, and network data security.

https://cdn.preterhuman.net/texts/cryptography/Hankerson,%20Menezes,%20Vanstone.%20Guide%20to%20elliptic%20curve%20cryptography%20(Springer,%202004)(ISBN%20038795273X)(332s)_CsCr_.pdf

Guide to Elliptic Curve Cryptography

National Institute of Standards and Technology における超伝導研究及び生活

Most of the signal processing that we will study in this course involves local operations on a signal, namely transforming the signal by applying linear combinations of values in the neighborhood of each sample point. You are familiar with such operations from Calculus, namely, taking derivatives and you are also familiar with this from optics namely blurring a signal. We will be looking at sampled signals only. Let's start with a few basic examples. Local difference Suppose we have a 1D image and we take the local difference of intensities, DI(x) = 1 2 (I(x + 1) − I(x − 1)) which give a discrete approximation to a partial derivative. (We compute this for each x in the image.) What is the effect of such a transformation? One key idea is that such a derivative would be useful for marking positions where the intensity changes. Such a change is called an edge. It is important to detect edges in images because they often mark locations at which object properties change. These can include changes in illumination along a surface due to a shadow boundary, or a material (pigment) change, or a change in depth as when one object ends and another begins. The computational problem of finding intensity edges in images is called edge detection. We could look for positions at which DI(x) has a large negative or positive value. Large positive values indicate an edge that goes from low to high intensity, and large negative values indicate an edge that goes from high to low intensity. Example Suppose the image consists of a single (slightly sloped) edge:

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/5/31307/01456462.pdf

Linear systems

Ad hoc wireless networks enable new and exciting applications, but also pose significant technical challenges. In this article we give a brief overview of ad hoc wireless networks and their applications with a particular emphasis on energy constraints. We then discuss advances in the link, multiple access, network, and application protocols for these networks. We show that cross-layer design of these protocols is imperative to meet emerging application requirements, particularly when energy is a limited resource.

Design challenges for energy-constrained ad hoc wireless networks

Methodologies for high-level synthesis of dedicated digital signal processing (DSP) architectures using the MARS (Minnesota architecture synthesis) design system are considered. Concurrent scheduling and resource allocation algorithms that exploit interaction and intraiteration precedence constraints are introduced. These algorithms produce solutions that are as good as or better than those previously published. MARS can generate valid architectures for algorithms that have distributed arc delays and exploits these delays to produce more efficient architectures. This allows the system to be more general and provides for the synthesis of more complicated algorithms Implicit retiming and pipelining of the data flow graph are used to improve the quality of the design. Architectures that meet the iteration bound of any algorithm can be synthesized by unfolding the original data flow graph. >

High level DSP synthesis using the MARS design system

Preface 1 Introduction 2 Pipeline interleaving in digital filters 3 Pipelining direct form recursive digital filters 4 Roundoff noise in pipelined recursive digital filters 5 Schur algorithm 6 Digital lattice filter structures 7 Pipelining of lattice IIR digital filters 8 Pipelining of orthogonal double-rotation digital lattice filters 9 Pipelined lattice WDF design for wideband digital filters 10 Synthesis and pipelining of ladder WDFs in digital domain A: Derivation of (33),(35) and (323) B: Derivation of case (A) in section 104 C: Derivation of case (E) in Section 104 References

Pipelined Lattice and Wave Digital Recursive Filters

This paper presents novel architectures for fast binary addition which can be implemented using multiplexers only. Binary addition as carried out using a fast redundant-to-binary converter. It is shown that appropriate encoding of the redundant digits and recasting the binary addition as a redundant-to-binary conversion reduces the latency of addition from Wt/sub fa/, to Wt/sub mux/ where t/sub fa/ and t/sub mux/ respectively, represent binary full adder and multiplexer delays, and W is the word-length. A family of fast converter architectures is developed based on tree-type (obtained using lookahead techniques) and carry-select approaches. The carry-generation component is the critical component in redundant-to-binary conversion and binary addition. It is shown that fastest binary addition can be performed using (Wlog/sub 2/+W+1) multiplexers in time (log/sub 2/W+2)t/sub mux/. If the specified adder latency is greater than (log/sub 2/W+2)t/sub mux/, then a family of converters using fewest multiplexers can be designed based on carry-select approach. Finally a class of hybrid adders are designed by using a carry-select configuration and by substituting tree-based blocks in place of some carry-select blocks. It is shown that this approach can lead to adder designs which consume the least energy.

Fast low-energy VLSI binary addition

The authors introduce the notion of a perfect-rate data-flow program and show that these programs can always be executed in minimum time without requiring any unfolding or retiming operation at all. They show that unfolding any data-flow program beyond a certain factor does not lead to any further reduction in the execution time. This optimum unfolding factor is given by the least common multiple of the loop delay counts in the data-flow program graph. The authors show that unfolding with optimum unfolding factor reduces any iterative data-flow program to an equivalent perfect-rate data-flow program. They obtain upper bounds on the number of needed processors needed to achieve minimum-time schedules. >

Rate-optimal fully-static multiprocessor scheduling of data-flow signal processing programs

This paper presents a novel hybrid encoding method for encoding of low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes. The design approach is applied to design 10-Gigabit Ethernet transceivers over copper cables. For a specified encoding speed, the proposed method requires substantially lower complexity in terms of area and storage. Furthermore, this method is generic and can be adapted easily for other LDPC codes. One major advantage of this design is that it does not require column swapping and it maintains compatibility with optimized LDPC decoders. For a 10-Gigabit Ethernet transceiver which is compliant with the IEEE 802.3 an standard, the proposed sequential (5-Parallel) hybrid architecture has the following implementation properties: critical path: (log2(324) + 1)Txor + Tand, number of XOR gates: 11 056, number of and gates: 1620, and ROM storage: 104 976 bits (which can be minimized to 52 488 bits using additional hardware). This method achieves comparable critical path, and requires 74% gate area, 10% ROM storage as compared with a similar 10-Gigabit sequential (5-parallel) LDPC encoder design using only the G matrix multiplication method. Additionally the proposed method accesses fewer bits per cycle than the G matrix method which reduces power consumption by about 82%.

Keshab K. Parhi

Papers

High level DSP synthesis using the MARS design system

Pipelined Lattice and Wave Digital Recursive Filters

Fast low-energy VLSI binary addition

Rate-optimal fully-static multiprocessor scheduling of data-flow signal processing programs

A Low-Complexity Hybrid LDPC Code Encoder for IEEE 802.3an (10GBase-T) Ethernet