비만아 부모의 돌봄 경험: q 방법론

After two decades of research and development, elliptic curve cryptography now has widespread exposure and acceptance. Industry, banking, and government standards are in place to facilitate extensive deployment of this efficient public-key mechanism. Anchored by a comprehensive treatment of the practical aspects of elliptic curve cryptography (ECC), this guide explains the basic mathematics, describes state-of-the-art implementation methods, and presents standardized protocols for public-key encryption, digital signatures, and key establishment. In addition, the book addresses some issues that arise in software and hardware implementation, as well as side-channel attacks and countermeasures. Readers receive the theoretical fundamentals as an underpinning for a wealth of practical and accessible knowledge about efficient application. Features & Benefits: * Breadth of coverage and unified, integrated approach to elliptic curve cryptosystems * Describes important industry and government protocols, such as the FIPS 186-2 standard from the U.S. National Institute for Standards and Technology * Provides full exposition on techniques for efficiently implementing finite-field and elliptic curve arithmetic* Distills complex mathematics and algorithms for easy understanding* Includes useful literature references, a list of algorithms, and appendices on sample parameters, ECC standards, and software toolsThis comprehensive, highly focused reference is a useful and indispensable resource for practitioners, professionals, or researchers in computer science, computer engineering, network design, and network data security.

https://cdn.preterhuman.net/texts/cryptography/Hankerson,%20Menezes,%20Vanstone.%20Guide%20to%20elliptic%20curve%20cryptography%20(Springer,%202004)(ISBN%20038795273X)(332s)_CsCr_.pdf

Guide to Elliptic Curve Cryptography

National Institute of Standards and Technology における超伝導研究及び生活

Most of the signal processing that we will study in this course involves local operations on a signal, namely transforming the signal by applying linear combinations of values in the neighborhood of each sample point. You are familiar with such operations from Calculus, namely, taking derivatives and you are also familiar with this from optics namely blurring a signal. We will be looking at sampled signals only. Let's start with a few basic examples. Local difference Suppose we have a 1D image and we take the local difference of intensities, DI(x) = 1 2 (I(x + 1) − I(x − 1)) which give a discrete approximation to a partial derivative. (We compute this for each x in the image.) What is the effect of such a transformation? One key idea is that such a derivative would be useful for marking positions where the intensity changes. Such a change is called an edge. It is important to detect edges in images because they often mark locations at which object properties change. These can include changes in illumination along a surface due to a shadow boundary, or a material (pigment) change, or a change in depth as when one object ends and another begins. The computational problem of finding intensity edges in images is called edge detection. We could look for positions at which DI(x) has a large negative or positive value. Large positive values indicate an edge that goes from low to high intensity, and large negative values indicate an edge that goes from high to low intensity. Example Suppose the image consists of a single (slightly sloped) edge:

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/5/31307/01456462.pdf

Linear systems

Ad hoc wireless networks enable new and exciting applications, but also pose significant technical challenges. In this article we give a brief overview of ad hoc wireless networks and their applications with a particular emphasis on energy constraints. We then discuss advances in the link, multiple access, network, and application protocols for these networks. We show that cross-layer design of these protocols is imperative to meet emerging application requirements, particularly when energy is a limited resource.

Design challenges for energy-constrained ad hoc wireless networks

This paper presents an efficient VLSI architecture of the pipeline fast Fourier transform (FFT) processor based on radix-4 decimation-in-time algorithm with the use of digit-serial arithmetic units. By combining both the feedforward and feedback commutator schemes, the proposed architecture can not only achieve nearly 100% hardware utilization, but also require much less memory compared with the previous digit-serial FFT processors. Furthermore, in FFT processors, several modules of ROM are required for the storage of twiddle factors. By exploiting the redundancy of the factors, the overall ROM size can be effectively reduced by a factor of 2.

An efficient pipelined FFT architecture

Previous approaches to high-sampling-rate adaptive filter implementations have been based on word-level pipelined word-parallel (or "block") realizations. In this paper, we show that adaptive filters can be implemented in an area-efficient manner by first using pipelining to the maximum possible extent, and then using block processing in combination with pipelining if further increase in sampling rate is needed. We show that, with the use of a decomposition technique, high-speed realizations can be achieved using pipelining with a logarithmic increase in hardware (the block realizations require a linear increase in hardware). We derive pipelined word-parallel realizations of high-sampling-rate adaptive lattice filters using the techniques of look-ahead computation decomposed state update implementation, and incremental output computation. These three techniques combined make it possible to achieve asymptotically optimal complexity realizations (i.e., the same complexity asymptotically as nonrecursive systems) of high-speed adaptive lattice filters (in both bit-serial and bit-parallel methodologies) and provide a "system solution" to high-speed adaptive filtering. The adaptive lattice filter structures are ideal for high-sampling-rate implementations, since the error residuals of a particular stage are adapted order-recursively based on those of the previous stage, and the coefficient update recursion inside each stage is linear in nature. An example of a normalized stochastic gradient adaptive lattice filter is presented, and its complexity, latency, and implementation methodology tradeoffs are studied.

Concurrent cellular VLSI adaptive filter architectures

Stochastic computing has recently gained attention due to its fault-tolerance property. In stochastic computing, numbers are represented by probabilities of sequences. This paper addresses implementation of inner products and digital filters using stochastic logic. Straightforward implementations of stochastic inner products and digital filters lead to significantly large output error. To overcome this, this paper proposes a novel scaling method for efficient stochastic logic implementations of inner products and digital filters. By incorporating the filter coefficients into the probability of the selection signals of the multiplexors, the proposed weighted summation circuit can achieve better signal scaling with lower cost than the one derived from a traditional structure. This paper also presents how to vary the seeds in stochastic filters in order to reduce the correlation. Implementing IIR filters using stochastic logic limits possible pole locations. To overcome this, a new stochastic IIR filter structure is presented that includes a binary multiplier and stochastic-to-binary and binary-to-stochastic converters. Our experimental results show that the proposed architecture for the inner-product unit can lead to more than 12 times reduction in the error-to-power ratio. The stochastic FIR filters can perform the desired filtering function, but their accuracy degrades with the increase of filter order. The direct-form stochastic IIR filters may fail for large filter orders, but their performance can be improved by using cascade-form filter architecture.

Architectures for digital filters using stochastic computing

This paper presents a study of the suitability for FPGA design of full custom based CORDIC implementations. Since all these methods are based on redundant arithmetic, the FPGA implementation of the required operators to perform the different CORDIC methods has been evaluated. Efficient mappings on FPGA have been performed leading to the fastest implementations. It is concluded that the redundant arithmetic operators require a 4 to 5 times larger area than the conventional architecture and the speed advantages of the full custom design has been lost. That is due to the longer routing delays caused by the increase of the fan-out and the number of nets. Therefore, the redundant arithmetic based CORDIC methods are not suitable for FPGA implementation, and the conventional two's complement architecture leads to the best performance.

/pdf/evaluation-of-cordic-algorithms-for-fpga-design-4hy4i8ff9j.pdf

Evaluation of CORDIC Algorithms for FPGA Design

This paper presents MINFLOTRANSIT, a new transistor sizing tool for fast sizing of combinational circuits with minimal cost. MINFLOTRANSIT is an iterative relaxation-based tool that has two alternating phases. For a circuit with |V| transistors and |E| wires, the first phase (D-phase) is based on minimum cost network flow, which in our application, has a worst case complexity of O(|V/spl par/E| log(log(|V|))). The second phase (W-phase) has a worst case complexity of O(|V/spl par/E|). In practice, during our simulations both the D-phase and W-phase show a near linear run-time dependence on the size of the circuit, comparable to TILOS. Simulation results show excellent run-time behavior for MINFLOTRANSIT on all the ISCAS85 benchmark circuits. For reasonable delay targets, MINFLOTRANSIT shows up to 16.5% area savings (in relatively large circuits) over a circuit sized using a TILOS-like algorithm. In our opinion, the primary contribution of this paper is to take advantage of the structure of the transistor sizing problem and devise an iterative relaxation based gradient descent approach (D-phase) that has excellent convergence properties.

Keshab K. Parhi

Papers

An efficient pipelined FFT architecture

Concurrent cellular VLSI adaptive filter architectures

Architectures for digital filters using stochastic computing

Evaluation of CORDIC Algorithms for FPGA Design

Fast and exact transistor sizing based on iterative relaxation