비만아 부모의 돌봄 경험: q 방법론

After two decades of research and development, elliptic curve cryptography now has widespread exposure and acceptance. Industry, banking, and government standards are in place to facilitate extensive deployment of this efficient public-key mechanism. Anchored by a comprehensive treatment of the practical aspects of elliptic curve cryptography (ECC), this guide explains the basic mathematics, describes state-of-the-art implementation methods, and presents standardized protocols for public-key encryption, digital signatures, and key establishment. In addition, the book addresses some issues that arise in software and hardware implementation, as well as side-channel attacks and countermeasures. Readers receive the theoretical fundamentals as an underpinning for a wealth of practical and accessible knowledge about efficient application. Features & Benefits: * Breadth of coverage and unified, integrated approach to elliptic curve cryptosystems * Describes important industry and government protocols, such as the FIPS 186-2 standard from the U.S. National Institute for Standards and Technology * Provides full exposition on techniques for efficiently implementing finite-field and elliptic curve arithmetic* Distills complex mathematics and algorithms for easy understanding* Includes useful literature references, a list of algorithms, and appendices on sample parameters, ECC standards, and software toolsThis comprehensive, highly focused reference is a useful and indispensable resource for practitioners, professionals, or researchers in computer science, computer engineering, network design, and network data security.

https://cdn.preterhuman.net/texts/cryptography/Hankerson,%20Menezes,%20Vanstone.%20Guide%20to%20elliptic%20curve%20cryptography%20(Springer,%202004)(ISBN%20038795273X)(332s)_CsCr_.pdf

Guide to Elliptic Curve Cryptography

National Institute of Standards and Technology における超伝導研究及び生活

Most of the signal processing that we will study in this course involves local operations on a signal, namely transforming the signal by applying linear combinations of values in the neighborhood of each sample point. You are familiar with such operations from Calculus, namely, taking derivatives and you are also familiar with this from optics namely blurring a signal. We will be looking at sampled signals only. Let's start with a few basic examples. Local difference Suppose we have a 1D image and we take the local difference of intensities, DI(x) = 1 2 (I(x + 1) − I(x − 1)) which give a discrete approximation to a partial derivative. (We compute this for each x in the image.) What is the effect of such a transformation? One key idea is that such a derivative would be useful for marking positions where the intensity changes. Such a change is called an edge. It is important to detect edges in images because they often mark locations at which object properties change. These can include changes in illumination along a surface due to a shadow boundary, or a material (pigment) change, or a change in depth as when one object ends and another begins. The computational problem of finding intensity edges in images is called edge detection. We could look for positions at which DI(x) has a large negative or positive value. Large positive values indicate an edge that goes from low to high intensity, and large negative values indicate an edge that goes from high to low intensity. Example Suppose the image consists of a single (slightly sloped) edge:

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/5/31307/01456462.pdf

Linear systems

Ad hoc wireless networks enable new and exciting applications, but also pose significant technical challenges. In this article we give a brief overview of ad hoc wireless networks and their applications with a particular emphasis on energy constraints. We then discuss advances in the link, multiple access, network, and application protocols for these networks. We show that cross-layer design of these protocols is imperative to meet emerging application requirements, particularly when energy is a limited resource.

Design challenges for energy-constrained ad hoc wireless networks

In this paper, both performance and complexity aspects of two-dimensional single parity check turbo product codes (I-SPC-TPC) are investigated. Based on the proposed I-SPC-TPC coding scheme, a parallel decoding structure is developed to increase the decoding throughput with minor performance degradation compared with the serial structure. For both decoding architectures, a new helical interleaver is constructed to further improve the coding gain. In terms of decoding algorithm, the extremely simple Sign-Min decoding is alternatively derived with only three additions needed to compute each bit's extrinsic information. For performance evaluation, (16, 14, 2)2 single parity check turbo product code with code rate 0.766 over AWGN channel using QPSK modulation is considered. The simulation results using Sign-Min decoding show that it can achieve bit-error-rate of 10?5 at signal-to-noise ratio of 3.8 dB with 8 iterations. Compared to the same rate and codeword length turbo product code composed of extended Hamming codes, the considered scheme can achieve similar performance with much less complexity. Important implementation issues such as the finite precision analysis, efficient sorting circuit design and interleaver memory management are also presented.

On the Performance and Implementation Issues of Interleaved Single Parity Check Turbo Product Codes

Two-dimensional magnetic recording is a promising candidate to further extend the areal density above 1 Tb/in2 density while using a conventional writer and media. During the writing process, a shingled writer is usually used to write narrow tracks by overlapping previous tracks, which brings severe intertrack interference (ITI), fewer grains per channel bit and corresponding lower signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). As a consequence, for the current shingled magnetic recording system, a normally oriented head array (NHA) is usually implemented to detect a single track by using 2-D signal processing to mitigate the ITI and media noise. Then, a rotated head array (RHA) has been found to effectively avoid the ITI and regain the lost down-track resolution using signal processing. Correspondingly, in this paper, the RHA is investigated to simultaneously detect three tracks with 1-D and joint pattern-dependent noise-predictive (PDNP) Bahl–Cocke–Jelinek–Raviv (BCJR) detectors. Simulation indicates that, for the perfect writing at the 6 nm Voronoi grains, if the 1-D PDNP BCJR detector is implemented, the RHA combined with a designed 2-D equalizer producing multiple equalized waveforms can provide 16% density gains compared with the NHA with a 2-D equalizer and 1-D target at the target bit error rate (BER) of $10 ^{\mathrm {-2}}$ . If the joint PDNP BCJR detector is implemented, the RHA can provide 25% density gain compared with that for the NHA with the same detection algorithm at the target BER of $10 ^{\mathrm {-2}}$ . With respect to error correction, a longer codeword length of binary low density parity check code can be used for decoding of the multi-track detection compared with that for the single-track detection, which provides an extra SNR gain.

Improved BER Performance With Rotated Head Array and 2-D Detector in Two-Dimensional Magnetic Recording

This paper presents MINFLOTRANSIT, a new transistor sizing tool for fast sizing of combinational circuits with minimal cost. MINFLOTRANSIT is an iterative relaxation based tool that has two alternating phases. For a circuit with |V| transistors and |E| wires, the first phase (D-phase)) is based on minimum cost network flow, which in our application, has a worst-case complexity of O(|V||E|log(log(|V|))). The second phase W-phase has a worst case complexity of O(|V||E|). In practice, during our simulations both the D-phase and W-phase show a near linear run-time dependence on the size of the circuit, comparable to TILOS. Simulation results show excellent run-time behavior for MINFLOTRANSIT on all the ISCAS85 benchmark circuits. For reasonable delay targets MINFLOTRANSIT shows up to 16.5% area savings over a circuit sized using a TILOS-like algorithm.

/pdf/minflotransit-min-cost-flow-based-transistor-sizing-tool-1r0qf8l8ii.pdf

MINFLOTRANSIT: min-cost flow based transistor sizing tool

A systematic unfolding transformation technique for transforming bit-serial architecture into equivalent digit-serial ones is presented. The novel feature of the unfolding technique lies in the generation of functionally correct control circuits in the digit-serial architectures. For some applications bit-serial architectures may be too slow, and bit-parallel architectures may be faster than necessary and may require too much hardware. The desired sample rate in these applications can be achieved using the digit-serial approach, where multiple bits of a sample are processed in a single clock cycle. The number of bits processed in one clock cycle in the digit-serial systems is referred to as the digit size; the digit size can be any arbitrary integer (the digit size was restricted to be a divisor of wordlength in past ad hoc designs). Digit-serial implementation of two's complement adders and multipliers is described. Least-significant-bit-first bit-serial implementation of two's complement division, square-root, and compare-select operations are presented, and the corresponding digit-serial architectures for these operations are obtained using the unfolding algorithm. Unfolding of multiple-rate operations (such as interpolators and decimators) is also addressed. >

A systematic approach for design of digit-serial signal processing architectures

In this paper, the design of a C-testable, high-performance carry-free array divider is presented. A radix-2 redundant number based carry-free divider is considered and is modified to make it C-testable, i.e., it can be exhaustively tested using a constant number of test vectors irrespective of its word-length. Previous C-testable designs considered dividers which used carry-propagate adders/subtractors. These dividers are slow because of their O(W/sup 2/) computation time (where W is the word-length of the divider). High-performance carry-free dividers use carry-free redundant arithmetic adders/subtractors. Due to this feature, they have O(W) computation time. The on-the-fly converter used by carry-free dividers to convert the redundant quotient to two's-complement form is shown to be not C-testable. It is modified to be linear-testable (in word-length) instead of exponential time required for exhaustive testing of all possible combinations at its inputs. We conclude that the number of test vectors needed is 99 for C-testing of the divider array and (3W+10) for linear testing of the converter. The hardware overhead required to make the divider C-testable and the on-the-fly converter linear testable is also shown to be nominal. >

Keshab K. Parhi

Papers

On the Performance and Implementation Issues of Interleaved Single Parity Check Turbo Product Codes

Improved BER Performance With Rotated Head Array and 2-D Detector in Two-Dimensional Magnetic Recording

MINFLOTRANSIT: min-cost flow based transistor sizing tool

A systematic approach for design of digit-serial signal processing architectures

A C-testable carry-free divider