비만아 부모의 돌봄 경험: q 방법론

After two decades of research and development, elliptic curve cryptography now has widespread exposure and acceptance. Industry, banking, and government standards are in place to facilitate extensive deployment of this efficient public-key mechanism. Anchored by a comprehensive treatment of the practical aspects of elliptic curve cryptography (ECC), this guide explains the basic mathematics, describes state-of-the-art implementation methods, and presents standardized protocols for public-key encryption, digital signatures, and key establishment. In addition, the book addresses some issues that arise in software and hardware implementation, as well as side-channel attacks and countermeasures. Readers receive the theoretical fundamentals as an underpinning for a wealth of practical and accessible knowledge about efficient application. Features & Benefits: * Breadth of coverage and unified, integrated approach to elliptic curve cryptosystems * Describes important industry and government protocols, such as the FIPS 186-2 standard from the U.S. National Institute for Standards and Technology * Provides full exposition on techniques for efficiently implementing finite-field and elliptic curve arithmetic* Distills complex mathematics and algorithms for easy understanding* Includes useful literature references, a list of algorithms, and appendices on sample parameters, ECC standards, and software toolsThis comprehensive, highly focused reference is a useful and indispensable resource for practitioners, professionals, or researchers in computer science, computer engineering, network design, and network data security.

https://cdn.preterhuman.net/texts/cryptography/Hankerson,%20Menezes,%20Vanstone.%20Guide%20to%20elliptic%20curve%20cryptography%20(Springer,%202004)(ISBN%20038795273X)(332s)_CsCr_.pdf

Guide to Elliptic Curve Cryptography

National Institute of Standards and Technology における超伝導研究及び生活

Most of the signal processing that we will study in this course involves local operations on a signal, namely transforming the signal by applying linear combinations of values in the neighborhood of each sample point. You are familiar with such operations from Calculus, namely, taking derivatives and you are also familiar with this from optics namely blurring a signal. We will be looking at sampled signals only. Let's start with a few basic examples. Local difference Suppose we have a 1D image and we take the local difference of intensities, DI(x) = 1 2 (I(x + 1) − I(x − 1)) which give a discrete approximation to a partial derivative. (We compute this for each x in the image.) What is the effect of such a transformation? One key idea is that such a derivative would be useful for marking positions where the intensity changes. Such a change is called an edge. It is important to detect edges in images because they often mark locations at which object properties change. These can include changes in illumination along a surface due to a shadow boundary, or a material (pigment) change, or a change in depth as when one object ends and another begins. The computational problem of finding intensity edges in images is called edge detection. We could look for positions at which DI(x) has a large negative or positive value. Large positive values indicate an edge that goes from low to high intensity, and large negative values indicate an edge that goes from high to low intensity. Example Suppose the image consists of a single (slightly sloped) edge:

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/5/31307/01456462.pdf

Linear systems

Ad hoc wireless networks enable new and exciting applications, but also pose significant technical challenges. In this article we give a brief overview of ad hoc wireless networks and their applications with a particular emphasis on energy constraints. We then discuss advances in the link, multiple access, network, and application protocols for these networks. We show that cross-layer design of these protocols is imperative to meet emerging application requirements, particularly when energy is a limited resource.

Design challenges for energy-constrained ad hoc wireless networks

Digit-serial architectures are best suited for systems requiring moderate sample rate and where area and power consumption are critical. This paper presents a new approach for designing digit-serial/parallel finite field multipliers. This approach combines both array-type and parallel multiplication algorithms, where the digit-level array-type algorithm minimizes the latency for one multiplication operation and the parallel architecture inside of each digit cell reduces both the cycle-time as well as the switching activities, hence power consumption. By appropriately constraining the feasible primitive polynomials, the mod p(x) operation involved in finite field multiplication can be performed in a more efficient way. As a result, the computation delay and energy consumption of one finite field multiplication using the proposed digit-serial/parallel architectures are significantly less than of those obtained by folding the parallel semi-systolic multipliers. Furthermore, their energy-delay products are reduced by a even larger percentage. Therefore, the proposed digit-serial/parallel architectures are attractive for both low-energy and high-performance applications.

Low-Energy Digit-Serial/Parallel Finite Field Multipliers

A distributed algorithm is presented for obtaining an efficient and conflict-free broadcasting schedule in a multi-hop packet radio network. The inherent broadcast nature of the radio channel enables a node's transmission to be received by all other nodes within range. Multiple transmissions can be scheduled simultaneously because of the multi-hop nature of the network. It is first shown that the construction of a broadcasting schedule of minimum length is NP-complete, and then a centralized algorithm based on a sequential graph-coloring heuristic is presented to construct minimal-length schedules. A distributed implementation of this algorithm is then proposed, which is based on circulating a token through the nodes in the network. >

Distributed scheduling of broadcasts in a radio network

Capacity-achieving polar codes have gained significant attention in recent years. In general, polar codes can be decoded by either successive cancellation (SC) or the belief propagation (BP) algorithm. However, unlike SC decoders, performance optimizations for BP decoders have not been fully explored yet. In this paper, we explore novel early stopping criteria for polar BP decoding to significantly reduce energy dissipation and decoding latency. First, we propose two detection-type novel early stopping criteria for detecting valid outputs. For polar (1024, 512) codes, these two stopping criteria can reduce the number of iterations by up to 42.5% at 3.5 dB. Then, we propose a novel channel condition estimation approach, which can help select different stopping criteria in different SNR regions. Furthermore, the hardware architectures of polar BP decoders with the proposed stopping criteria are presented and developed. Synthesis results show that with the use of the proposed stopping criteria, the energy dissipation, and average latency of polar (1024, 512) BP decoder can be reduced by ${\hbox{10}}\% \!\sim\! {\hbox{30}}\%$ with ${\hbox{2}}\% \!\sim\! {\hbox{5}}\%$ hardware overhead, and average throughput can be increased by ${\hbox{20}}\% \!\sim\! {\hbox{55}}\%$ .

Early Stopping Criteria for Energy-Efficient Low-Latency Belief-Propagation Polar Code Decoders

A systematic folding transformation technique to fold any arbitrary signal processing algorithm data-flow graph to a hardware data-flow architecture, for a specified folding set and specified technology constraints, is presented. The folding set specifies the processor and the time partition at which the task is executed and is typically obtained by performing scheduling and resource allocation for the algorithm data-flow graph and the specified iteration period. The constraints imposed on the hardware architecture are also assumed to be known. The technique is used to derive the control circuitry of the hardware architecture. The authors derive conditions for the validity of a specified folding set, and present approaches to generate the dedicated architecture using systematic folding of tasks to operators. They propose automatic retiming and pipelining of algorithms described by data-flow graphs for folding. The folding algorithm is applied after preprocessing the data-flow graph for automated pipelining and retiming. >

Synthesis of control circuits in folded pipelined DSP architectures

Progress in supercomputing technology has led to two major trends. First, many existing algorithms need to be redesigned for efficient concurrent implementation using supercomputers. Second, a continuous increase will be apparent in the number of application-specific VLSI integrated circuits, which can provide the performance of supercomputers using single chips or chipsets (at the expense of design time for algorithm and architecture development). Both of these approaches require considerable effort in the development of algorithms for specific applications. Four independent algorithm transformation methodologies-program unfolding, retiming, look-ahead algorithms, and index mapping transformations-are reviewed. These transformation techniques exploit the available parallelism in iterative data-flow programs and create additional parallelism if necessary. >

Keshab K. Parhi

Papers

Low-Energy Digit-Serial/Parallel Finite Field Multipliers

Distributed scheduling of broadcasts in a radio network

Early Stopping Criteria for Energy-Efficient Low-Latency Belief-Propagation Polar Code Decoders

Synthesis of control circuits in folded pipelined DSP architectures

Algorithm transformation techniques for concurrent processors