비만아 부모의 돌봄 경험: q 방법론

After two decades of research and development, elliptic curve cryptography now has widespread exposure and acceptance. Industry, banking, and government standards are in place to facilitate extensive deployment of this efficient public-key mechanism. Anchored by a comprehensive treatment of the practical aspects of elliptic curve cryptography (ECC), this guide explains the basic mathematics, describes state-of-the-art implementation methods, and presents standardized protocols for public-key encryption, digital signatures, and key establishment. In addition, the book addresses some issues that arise in software and hardware implementation, as well as side-channel attacks and countermeasures. Readers receive the theoretical fundamentals as an underpinning for a wealth of practical and accessible knowledge about efficient application. Features & Benefits: * Breadth of coverage and unified, integrated approach to elliptic curve cryptosystems * Describes important industry and government protocols, such as the FIPS 186-2 standard from the U.S. National Institute for Standards and Technology * Provides full exposition on techniques for efficiently implementing finite-field and elliptic curve arithmetic* Distills complex mathematics and algorithms for easy understanding* Includes useful literature references, a list of algorithms, and appendices on sample parameters, ECC standards, and software toolsThis comprehensive, highly focused reference is a useful and indispensable resource for practitioners, professionals, or researchers in computer science, computer engineering, network design, and network data security.

https://cdn.preterhuman.net/texts/cryptography/Hankerson,%20Menezes,%20Vanstone.%20Guide%20to%20elliptic%20curve%20cryptography%20(Springer,%202004)(ISBN%20038795273X)(332s)_CsCr_.pdf

Guide to Elliptic Curve Cryptography

National Institute of Standards and Technology における超伝導研究及び生活

Most of the signal processing that we will study in this course involves local operations on a signal, namely transforming the signal by applying linear combinations of values in the neighborhood of each sample point. You are familiar with such operations from Calculus, namely, taking derivatives and you are also familiar with this from optics namely blurring a signal. We will be looking at sampled signals only. Let's start with a few basic examples. Local difference Suppose we have a 1D image and we take the local difference of intensities, DI(x) = 1 2 (I(x + 1) − I(x − 1)) which give a discrete approximation to a partial derivative. (We compute this for each x in the image.) What is the effect of such a transformation? One key idea is that such a derivative would be useful for marking positions where the intensity changes. Such a change is called an edge. It is important to detect edges in images because they often mark locations at which object properties change. These can include changes in illumination along a surface due to a shadow boundary, or a material (pigment) change, or a change in depth as when one object ends and another begins. The computational problem of finding intensity edges in images is called edge detection. We could look for positions at which DI(x) has a large negative or positive value. Large positive values indicate an edge that goes from low to high intensity, and large negative values indicate an edge that goes from high to low intensity. Example Suppose the image consists of a single (slightly sloped) edge:

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/5/31307/01456462.pdf

Linear systems

Ad hoc wireless networks enable new and exciting applications, but also pose significant technical challenges. In this article we give a brief overview of ad hoc wireless networks and their applications with a particular emphasis on energy constraints. We then discuss advances in the link, multiple access, network, and application protocols for these networks. We show that cross-layer design of these protocols is imperative to meet emerging application requirements, particularly when energy is a limited resource.

Design challenges for energy-constrained ad hoc wireless networks

Finite Field Arithmetic Architecture

Division and Square Root

: This final report provides a brief summary of our research results supported by the above grant during the period from May 1,1998 to November 30, 2001. Our research has addressed design of high-speed, low-energy, low-area architectures for signal processing systems and error control coders. Contributions in the area of error control coding architectures include design of low-energy and low-complexity finite field arithmetic architectures and Reed-Solomon (RS) codecs. High- performance and low-power architectures for low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes have been developed.

http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA398592&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf

Low-Power VLSI Architectures for Error Control Coding and Wavelets

This paper presents novel hybrid carry-select modified-tree (CSMT) adder architectures for binary carry generators and adders using multiplexers only. These architectures not only require the fewest number of multiplexers, but also consume the least energy for a specified latency. These architectures are based on a carry-select configuration where each block can be a carry-select or tree or modified-tree block. The modified-tree blocks permit ripple in the carry-generation process; which leads to dramatic reduction in the number of multiplexers as well as power consumption. It is shown that, for a block length , the carry-select block and the modified-tree block with internal ripple of multiplexer stages require the same number of multiplexers. This is a powerful result because the longer carry-select blocks can be replaced by the modified-tree blocks without increasing the multiplexer complexity. The advantage of this approach is in reduction of power consumption since the amount of ripple in the carry-select block grows linearly with , while that in the modified-tree block grows logarithmically with . It is shown that for fastest adder/subtractor designs, the proposed CSMT architecture can reduce the multiplexer complexity by about 40% for word-lengths ranging from 8 to 32, when compared with known tree approaches. It is shown that, for a certain specified latency and specified number of multiplexers, a family of carry-select and CSMT adders can be designed. It is shown that, for a specified latency, the carry-select adders with larger number of blocks and smaller block lengths consume less power. Through extensive simulations, CSMT adder configurations that minimize energy consumption or power-latency product, which are approximately 5% to 10% less than those of known tree and best carry-select adders, are obtained. Finally, based on novel latency-matching and block-increment techniques introduced in this paper, a systematic design methodology for design of CSMT adders with least latency, least number of multiplexers, and least energy consumption is presented.

Low-Energy CSMT Carry Generators

This paper presents approaches to develop efficient network for non-binary quasi-cyclic LDPC (QC-LDPC) decoders. By exploiting the intrinsic shifting and symmetry properties of the check matrices, significant reduction of memory size and routing complexity can be achieved. Two different efficient network architectures for Class-I and Class-II non-binary QC-LDPC decoders have been proposed, respectively. Comparison results have shown that for the code of the 64-ary (1260, 630) rate-0.5 Class-I code, the proposed scheme can save more than 70.6% hardware required by shuffle network than the state-of-the-art designs. The proposed decoder example for the 32-ary (992, 496) rate-0.5 Class-II code can achieve a 93.8% shuffle network reduction compared with the conventional ones. Meanwhile, based on the similarity of Class-I and Class-II codes, similar shuffle network is further developed to incorporate both classes of codes at a very low cost.

Keshab K. Parhi

Papers

Finite Field Arithmetic Architecture

Division and Square Root

Low-Power VLSI Architectures for Error Control Coding and Wavelets

Low-Energy CSMT Carry Generators

Efficient Network for Non-Binary QC-LDPC Decoder