抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Deposits of clastic carbonate-dominated (calciclastic) sedimentary slope systems in the rock record have been identified mostly as linearly-consistent carbonate apron deposits, even though most ancient clastic carbonate slope deposits fit the submarine fan systems better. Calciclastic submarine fans are consequently rarely described and are poorly understood. Subsequently, very little is known especially in mud-dominated calciclastic submarine fan systems. Presented in this study are a sedimentological core and petrographic characterisation of samples from eleven boreholes from the Lower Carboniferous of Bowland Basin (Northwest England) that reveals a >250 m thick calciturbidite complex deposited in a calciclastic submarine fan setting. Seven facies are recognised from core and thin section characterisation and are grouped into three carbonate turbidite sequences. They include: 1) Calciturbidites, comprising mostly of highto low-density, wavy-laminated bioclast-rich facies; 2) low-density densite mudstones which are characterised by planar laminated and unlaminated muddominated facies; and 3) Calcidebrites which are muddy or hyper-concentrated debrisflow deposits occurring as poorly-sorted, chaotic, mud-supported floatstones. These

Phd by thesis

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) offer the possibilities to design solar cells with a large flexibility in shape, color, and transparency. DSC research groups have been established around the worl ...

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Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

J. Appl. Cryst.の発刊に際して

Atom transfer radical polymerization.

https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2021/cy/d1cy01642c

Exploration of Highly Electron-Rich Manganese Complexes in Enantioselective Oxidation Catalysis; a Focus on Enantioselective Benzylic Oxidation

The title compound, [ZnCl2(C10H9N3)], has been investigated at 110 K. In contrast with the previously published room-temperature structure [Ho et al. (1999). J. Chem. Soc. Dalton Trans. pp. 1581–1586], the amine N atom is found to have a symmetrical planar environment. The two independent Zn—Cl distances are significantly different, but the difference of 0.0414 (3) A is within the range found in other tetra­hedral ZnCl2 complexes.

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Dichloro(di-2-pyridylamine)zinc(II): a redetermination at 110 K

The crystal structure of para-methyl-l-phenylalanine at 230 K resembles that of the para-fluorinated analogue from the literature but is commensurately modulated with seven molecules in the asymmetric unit (Z′ = 7). At 100 K, the superstructure loses its modulation, leading to a unit cell with Z′ = 1, with clear disorder in the phenyl ring orientations. The methyl-substituent in para-methyl-l-phenylalanine has, in contrast to fluorine, no polar interactions with protons of neighboring molecules, which might allow for the well-defined modulation of the crystal structure at 230 K.

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acs.cgd.7b00747

Polymorphism and Modulation of Para-Substituted l-Phenylalanine

N-Arylnitrilium salts 1 react with nucleophilic alkenes 2 to afford 3,4-dihydroquinolinium salts 3, which can be transformed into the free bases with aqueous sodium hydroxide. Dehydrogenation of the 3,4-dihydroquinolinium salts 3 with 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-p-benzoquinone furnishes quinolinium salts 7. If the intermediate carbenium ion A formed by electrophilic attack of 1 on the alkene 2 is conjugatively or hyperconjugatively stabilized, instead of 3,4-dihydroquinolinium salts 3 iminium salts 4 resulting from a Houben-Hoesch reaction, or iminium salts 5 arising from a formal ene reaction are formed. For the 3,4-dihydorquinolinium salt 3ac X-ray structural analysis has been carried out.

3,4‐Dihydroquinolinium Salts: Preparation by Reaction of N‐ Arylnitrilium Salts with Alkenes.

We re-investigated the crystal structure of diaquobis(salicylato)copper(II), CuSal, which is an OD material with disordered layer stacking. The diffraction pattern consists of sharp Bragg spots and diffuse streaks. From the Bragg reflections we determined the ordered part of the structure, which can either be described by an orthorhombic or a twinned monoclinic lattice. The main motif of the structure consists of one-dimensional coordination polymers that are connected by hydrogen bonds into two-dimensional layers. The layer stacking is disordered and from simulation

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Martin Lutz

Papers

Exploration of Highly Electron-Rich Manganese Complexes in Enantioselective Oxidation Catalysis; a Focus on Enantioselective Benzylic Oxidation

Dichloro(di-2-pyridylamine)zinc(II): a redetermination at 110 K

Polymorphism and Modulation of Para-Substituted l-Phenylalanine

3,4‐Dihydroquinolinium Salts: Preparation by Reaction of N‐ Arylnitrilium Salts with Alkenes.

Order-Disorder in Diaquobis(salicylato)copper(II) Revisited