抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Deposits of clastic carbonate-dominated (calciclastic) sedimentary slope systems in the rock record have been identified mostly as linearly-consistent carbonate apron deposits, even though most ancient clastic carbonate slope deposits fit the submarine fan systems better. Calciclastic submarine fans are consequently rarely described and are poorly understood. Subsequently, very little is known especially in mud-dominated calciclastic submarine fan systems. Presented in this study are a sedimentological core and petrographic characterisation of samples from eleven boreholes from the Lower Carboniferous of Bowland Basin (Northwest England) that reveals a >250 m thick calciturbidite complex deposited in a calciclastic submarine fan setting. Seven facies are recognised from core and thin section characterisation and are grouped into three carbonate turbidite sequences. They include: 1) Calciturbidites, comprising mostly of highto low-density, wavy-laminated bioclast-rich facies; 2) low-density densite mudstones which are characterised by planar laminated and unlaminated muddominated facies; and 3) Calcidebrites which are muddy or hyper-concentrated debrisflow deposits occurring as poorly-sorted, chaotic, mud-supported floatstones. These

Phd by thesis

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) offer the possibilities to design solar cells with a large flexibility in shape, color, and transparency. DSC research groups have been established around the worl ...

/pdf/dye-sensitized-solar-cells-50b0w2bhsr.pdf

Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

J. Appl. Cryst.の発刊に際して

Atom transfer radical polymerization.

New cis- and trans-Arylplatinum(II) Acetylide Compounds Containing a Bis(imino)aryl [NCN] Ligand

The concurrent formation of furan-2,5- and furan-2,4-dicarboxylic acid under solvent free conditions via a disproportionation reaction is described. By reacting potassium-2-furoate at 260 °C in the presence of 22 mol% of (Lewis acidic) catalysts like CdI2 or ZnCl2, potassium-2-furoate is disproportionated to furan and furandicarboxylic acids. Besides furan and furan-2,5-dicarboxylic acid (2,5-FDCA) as the main products, furan-2,4-dicarboxylic acid (2,4-FDCA) is also formed as a by-product. Experimental evidence has been obtained that, under the reaction conditions applied, 2,5-FDCA and 2,4-FDCA are formed by separate reaction pathways. Selectivity towards the different FDCA isomers is affected by the type of catalyst used. Single-crystal X-ray analysis shows that 2,4-FDCA has a more ‘linear’ character compared to 2,5-FDCA and hence is structurally more comparable to terephthalic acid (TA), making it an interesting monomer for synthetic polyesters.

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Concurrent formation of furan-2,5- and furan-2,4-dicarboxylic acid: unexpected aspects of the Henkel reaction

https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/33022/782.pdf?sequence=1

Synthesis, Structure, and Catalytic Performance of Diastereopure Five-Coordinated NCN-Pincer Palladium(II) Complexes Bearing Bulky Amino Acid Substituents

Stable silicates with five carbon substituents are extremely rare. These pentacoordinate anions often have a trigonalbipyramidal geometry with three equatorial and two apical sites that should make them prone to configurational isomerism in which the substituent sites interchange. Such a process is known as the Berry pseudorotation mechanism. However, pseudorotamers other than the energetically preferred species have seldom been observed, even among the more accessible neutral phosphoranes. Insight into the thermodynamics of this type of isomerism is even more scarce, and nonexistent for the silicates. Here we report a new, stable pentaorganosilicate of which different configurational isomers coexist in solution, and present thermodynamic and kinetic data on their interconversion. The starting material bis(1-phenylpyrrole-2,2’-diyl)silane (1) was synthesized in 53% yield (white crystals from ethyl acetate; m.p. 276 8C (decomp)) from 2’-bromo-1-phenylpyrrole in diethyl ether by treatment with 2 equivalents of butyllithium (0 8C) and 0.5 equivalents SiCl4 (reflux). [5] Reaction of 1 with methyllithium in THFat 78 8C afforded a pale yellow solution of lithium silicate 2a (Scheme 1), as indicated by the upfield shift of the Si NMR signal from d= 35 to 131 ppm. The NMR spectra were recorded at 50 8C to minimize signal broadening (see below). Compound 2a was fully characterized by H NMR,C NMR, HMQC, and HMBC spectroscopic measurements. The silicate anion can potentially adopt three configurations I–III, which differ in the orientation of the bidentate substituents. The H and C NMR spectra revealed twofold symmetry, while the 2D NOESY spectrum showed correlations between H3’ and H3 as well as between H3’ and the methyl group. Only geometry I is compatible with these observations (Table 1). Furthermore, the JC2,Si value of 86 Hz is similar to that of a typical Si(sp ) C(sp) bond, while the JC2’,Si value of 30 Hz is much smaller than that of a Si(sp) C(sp) bond (64–70 Hz) and reflects the small silicon s character of the apical bonds.

/pdf/dynamic-configurational-isomerism-of-a-stable-2dmfi10pjz.pdf

Dynamic Configurational Isomerism of a Stable Pentaorganosilicate

https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/202543/modular-synthesis-of-bidentate-triazolyl-functionalized-n-heterocyclic-carbenes-and-their-palladium-complexes_2010_organometallics.pdf?sequence=1

Martin Lutz

Papers

New cis- and trans-Arylplatinum(II) Acetylide Compounds Containing a Bis(imino)aryl [NCN] Ligand

Concurrent formation of furan-2,5- and furan-2,4-dicarboxylic acid: unexpected aspects of the Henkel reaction

Synthesis, Structure, and Catalytic Performance of Diastereopure Five-Coordinated NCN-Pincer Palladium(II) Complexes Bearing Bulky Amino Acid Substituents

Dynamic Configurational Isomerism of a Stable Pentaorganosilicate

Modular Synthesis of Bidentate Triazolyl-Functionalized N-Heterocyclic Carbenes and Their Palladium Complexes