抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Deposits of clastic carbonate-dominated (calciclastic) sedimentary slope systems in the rock record have been identified mostly as linearly-consistent carbonate apron deposits, even though most ancient clastic carbonate slope deposits fit the submarine fan systems better. Calciclastic submarine fans are consequently rarely described and are poorly understood. Subsequently, very little is known especially in mud-dominated calciclastic submarine fan systems. Presented in this study are a sedimentological core and petrographic characterisation of samples from eleven boreholes from the Lower Carboniferous of Bowland Basin (Northwest England) that reveals a >250 m thick calciturbidite complex deposited in a calciclastic submarine fan setting. Seven facies are recognised from core and thin section characterisation and are grouped into three carbonate turbidite sequences. They include: 1) Calciturbidites, comprising mostly of highto low-density, wavy-laminated bioclast-rich facies; 2) low-density densite mudstones which are characterised by planar laminated and unlaminated muddominated facies; and 3) Calcidebrites which are muddy or hyper-concentrated debrisflow deposits occurring as poorly-sorted, chaotic, mud-supported floatstones. These

Phd by thesis

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) offer the possibilities to design solar cells with a large flexibility in shape, color, and transparency. DSC research groups have been established around the worl ...

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Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

J. Appl. Cryst.の発刊に際して

Atom transfer radical polymerization.

Records of methanesulfonate acid in ice cores play an important role in reconstruction of the past history of marine productivity, sea ice extent, and major El Nino event activities related to climate changes. Considering the lack of thermodynamic and crystal structure data, crystallization conditions below zero degrees Celsius were mimicked in the laboratory, and magnesium methanesulfonic hydrate crystals, Mg(CH 3 SO 3 ) 2 ·12H 2 O (i.e.,[Mg(H 2 O) 6 ](CH 3 SO 3 )2·6H 2 O) were grown from solution by cooling crystallization and by eutectic freeze crystallization. The solubility lines between -5 and +21 °C and between 0 and 25 wt % are presented. The eutectic point of the system is detected at -5 °C and 14 wt %. The crystal structure analysis and the molecular arrangement of these crystals were determined using single crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD). Reflections were measured at a temperature of 110(2) K. The structure is trigonal with space group R3 (no. 148). The crystal is a colorless block with the following parameters: a b - = 9.27150(8) A, c 21.1298(4) A, V = 1572.99(4) A 3 , Z = 3, and D calc = 1.364 g/cm 3 . The Raman spectrum of Mg(CH 3 SO 3 ) 2 ·12H 2 O salt has been recorded and the principal absorption modes identified. Thermogravimetric analysis confirmed the stochiometry of the Mg(CH 3 SO 3 ) 2 ·12H 2 O salt.

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Crystallization and Characterization of Magnesium Methanesulfonate Hydrate Mg(CH3SO3)2·12H2O

Trioxo-rhenium complexes are well known catalysts for the deoxydehydration (DODH) of vicinal diols (glycols) In this work, we report on the DODH of diols and biomass-derived polyols using CpttReO3 as a new catalyst (Cptt=1,3-di-tert-butylcyclopentadienyl) The DODH reaction was optimized using 2 mol % of CpttReO3 and 3-octanol as both reductant and solvent The CpttReO3 catalyst exhibits an excellent activity for biomass-derived polyols Specifically, glycerol is almost quantitatively converted to allyl alcohol and mucic acid gives 75 % of muconates at 91 % conversion In addition, the loading of CpttReO3 can be reduced to 01 mol % to achieve a turn-over number as high as 900 per Re when using glycerol as substrate Examination of DODH reaction profiles by NMR spectroscopy indicates that catalysis is related to Cp-ligand release, which raises questions on the nature of the actual catalyst

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/cctc.201801151

A Cptt‐Based Trioxo‐Rhenium Catalyst for the Deoxydehydration of Diols and Polyols

The N,C,N′-bonded arylruthenium 2,2′:6′,2′′-terpyridine (tpy) complex salts [Ru(NCN)(tpy)](Cl) ([1a](Cl), NCN = 2,6-bis[(dimethylamino)methyl]phenyl) and [Ru(N∧C∧N)(tpy)](PF6), ([2a](PF6), N∧C∧N = 2,6-bis(2-pyridyl)phenyl) can be halogenated under very mild conditions by oxidation with copper(II) halogen salts. Halogenation occurs exclusively para to the site of metalation and yields the cations [Ru(4-R-NCN)(tpy)]+ (R = Cl, [1b]+ and R = Br [1c]+) and [Ru(4-R-N∧C∧N)(tpy)]+ (R = Cl, [2b]+ and R = Br [2c]+). In the presence of an excess of oxidant relative to [1a]+, the halogenation reaction follows first order kinetics in the oxidized ruthenium complex. However, by using a small excess of copper(II) compared to [1a]+, dimerization of the complex cation to [{Ru(tpy)}2(μ-NCN-NCN)]4+ ([3]4+) is observed, which obeys second order kinetics. Both halogenation (C−X coupling) and dimerization (C−C coupling) are a result of the unique properties of the ruthenium(III) complexes compared to their parent ruthenium(II)...

https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/200574/selective-para-halogenation-and-dimerization-2010-so.pdf?sequence=1

Selective para-Halogenation and Dimerization of N,C,N'-Arylruthenium(II) and -(III) 2,2':6',2''-Terpyridine Cations

Well-defined BisMETAMORPhos PdI-PdI complex: synthesis, structural characterization, and reactivity

Triazinane diones, readily generated by a recently reported multicomponent reaction, can be easily alkylated with various alkyl halides, allowing a wide variety of complexity-generating secondary reactions. Because of the high variability of the initial multicomponent reactions and the multiple possibilities for participation of substituents in the secondary reactions, a highly diverse set of complex products was obtained in short and efficient reaction sequences.

/pdf/generation-of-molecular-diversity-using-a-complexity-6g3my7zcbv.pdf

Martin Lutz

Papers

Crystallization and Characterization of Magnesium Methanesulfonate Hydrate Mg(CH3SO3)2·12H2O

A Cptt‐Based Trioxo‐Rhenium Catalyst for the Deoxydehydration of Diols and Polyols

Selective para-Halogenation and Dimerization of N,C,N'-Arylruthenium(II) and -(III) 2,2':6',2''-Terpyridine Cations

Well-defined BisMETAMORPhos PdI-PdI complex: synthesis, structural characterization, and reactivity

Generation of molecular diversity using a complexity-generating MCR-platform towards triazinane diones