抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Deposits of clastic carbonate-dominated (calciclastic) sedimentary slope systems in the rock record have been identified mostly as linearly-consistent carbonate apron deposits, even though most ancient clastic carbonate slope deposits fit the submarine fan systems better. Calciclastic submarine fans are consequently rarely described and are poorly understood. Subsequently, very little is known especially in mud-dominated calciclastic submarine fan systems. Presented in this study are a sedimentological core and petrographic characterisation of samples from eleven boreholes from the Lower Carboniferous of Bowland Basin (Northwest England) that reveals a >250 m thick calciturbidite complex deposited in a calciclastic submarine fan setting. Seven facies are recognised from core and thin section characterisation and are grouped into three carbonate turbidite sequences. They include: 1) Calciturbidites, comprising mostly of highto low-density, wavy-laminated bioclast-rich facies; 2) low-density densite mudstones which are characterised by planar laminated and unlaminated muddominated facies; and 3) Calcidebrites which are muddy or hyper-concentrated debrisflow deposits occurring as poorly-sorted, chaotic, mud-supported floatstones. These

Phd by thesis

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) offer the possibilities to design solar cells with a large flexibility in shape, color, and transparency. DSC research groups have been established around the worl ...

/pdf/dye-sensitized-solar-cells-50b0w2bhsr.pdf

Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

J. Appl. Cryst.の発刊に際して

Atom transfer radical polymerization.

Here, we report the bulk synthesis of [FeII(BMBIK)Cl2] bearing the redox noninnocent bis(methylbenzimidazolyl)ketone (BMBIK) ligand and the synthesis of the similar complex [FeI(BMBIK)]+ on a Au(111) surface using lateral manipulation at the atomic level. Cyclic voltammetry and scanning tunneling spectroscopy are shown to be useful techniques to compare the coordination compound in solution with the one on the surface. The total charge, as well as the oxidation and spin state of [FeI(BMBIK)]+, are investigated by comparison of the shape of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO), visualized by tunneling through the LUMO, with theoretical models. The similar reduction potentials found for the solution and surface compounds indicate that the major effect of lowering the LUMO upon coordination of BMBIK to the iron center is conserved on the surface. The synthesis and analysis of [FeI(BMBIK)]+ using scanning tunneling microscopy, scanning tunneling spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy are the firs...

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acsomega.6b00510

Combination of Scanning Probe Microscopy and Coordination Chemistry: Structural and Electronic Study of Bis(methylbenzimidazolyl)ketone and Its Iron Complex

Multicomponent reactions (MCRs)[1] have emerged as useful tools in diversity-oriented synthesis (DOS).[2] Although a number of substituents can be varied over a broad range, MCRs often access products of one specific scaffold, limiting the overall chemical diversity. To overcome this, MCRs have been combined with other types of reactions such as Diels–Alder reactions,[3] click chemistry,[4] and cyclization strategies[5] to generate structural diversity and a high degree of complexity in a minimal number of reaction steps. Our group contributed in this field by trapping 1-azadienes,[ 6] generated by the three-component reaction (3-CR) between phosphonates, nitriles and aldehydes,[7] with various reactants resulting in novel 4-CRs for a variety of heterocyclic scaffolds.[8]

A Multicomponent Reaction Towards N‐(Cyanomethyl)amides.

A highly regio- and enantioselective Cu-catalyzed hetero-allylic asymmetric alkylation with functionalized Grignard reagents is developed.

Diversity‐Oriented Enantioselective Synthesis of Highly Functionalized Cyclic and Bicyclic Alcohols.

The 1,3-diaza-2-azoniaallene salt 3a reacts stereoselectively with glycals (5a—e) to afford pyrano[2,3-d]-1,2,3- triazolium salts 6a—e. In contrast to other 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions of glycals reported so far, the stereoselectivity of compounds 6 is not determined by the substituent on C-3 of the glycal. Both cis (6a,b) and trans (6d,e) substitutions on C-7 and C-7a were found for bicyclic compounds 6 (crystal structure of 6a). Under the influence of acid 6e opens the pyran ring to give the triazolium salt 9. Addition of antimony pentachloride to a solution of the glycal 5e and the chlorotriazene 2a results in the formation of the pyranotriazene 12 containing two triazene units. In the presence of acid the pyranotriazene 6c reacts with alcohols to afford 2-hydrazino glycosides 13a,b, 15, which with zinc dust in acetic acid are reduced to 2-amino glycosides 14a,b.

Cycloaddition Reactions of 1,3‐Diaza‐2‐azoniaallene Salts and Glycals.

The crystal structure of the title compound, [Cr(C5H7O2)3], has been determined at 290 and 110 K to provide information on thermal vibrations and disorder. The polymorph at room temperature has been reported [Morosin (1965). Acta Cryst. 19, 131±137]. The reinvestigation of this structure, presented here, indicates the presence of weak uninterpretable supercell re ̄ections together with disorder streaks. The discussed structure can thus be considered as an average structure. After cooling to 110 K, a new polymorph was found, which is a superstructure of the polymorph. The space group remains P21/c and the phase transition can therefore be considered as klassengleich. The unit-cell volume increases by a factor of six, resulting in six independent molecules in the asymmetric unit.

/pdf/chromium-iii-at-290-and-110-k-a-new-d-phase-at-110-k-4p9csg6zrr.pdf

Martin Lutz

Papers

Combination of Scanning Probe Microscopy and Coordination Chemistry: Structural and Electronic Study of Bis(methylbenzimidazolyl)ketone and Its Iron Complex

A Multicomponent Reaction Towards N‐(Cyanomethyl)amides.

Diversity‐Oriented Enantioselective Synthesis of Highly Functionalized Cyclic and Bicyclic Alcohols.

Cycloaddition Reactions of 1,3‐Diaza‐2‐azoniaallene Salts and Glycals.

chromium(III) at 290 and 110 K: a new d phase at 110 K