1980 Preface * 1999 Preface * 1999 Acknowledgements * Introduction * 1 Circular Logic * 2 Phase Singularities (Screwy Results of Circular Logic) * 3 The Rules of the Ring * 4 Ring Populations * 5 Getting Off the Ring * 6 Attracting Cycles and Isochrons * 7 Measuring the Trajectories of a Circadian Clock * 8 Populations of Attractor Cycle Oscillators * 9 Excitable Kinetics and Excitable Media * 10 The Varieties of Phaseless Experience: In Which the Geometrical Orderliness of Rhythmic Organization Breaks Down in Diverse Ways * 11 The Firefly Machine 12 Energy Metabolism in Cells * 13 The Malonic Acid Reagent ('Sodium Geometrate') * 14 Electrical Rhythmicity and Excitability in Cell Membranes * 15 The Aggregation of Slime Mold Amoebae * 16 Numerical Organizing Centers * 17 Electrical Singular Filaments in the Heart Wall * 18 Pattern Formation in the Fungi * 19 Circadian Rhythms in General * 20 The Circadian Clocks of Insect Eclosion * 21 The Flower of Kalanchoe * 22 The Cell Mitotic Cycle * 23 The Female Cycle * References * Index of Names * Index of Subjects

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/596B270197FE27DE5FABB598B6210622/S0025557200150892a.pdf/div-class-title-span-class-italic-the-geometry-of-biological-time-span-by-a-t-winfree-pp-544-dm68-corrected-second-printing-1990-isbn-3-540-52528-9-springer-div.pdf

The geometry of biological time , by A. T. Winfree. Pp 544. DM68. Corrected Second Printing 1990. ISBN 3-540-52528-9 (Springer)

https://users.dimi.uniud.it/~antonio.dangelo/Robotica/2012/helper/leggedRobot/Ijspeert08NN.pdf

2008 Special Issue: Central pattern generators for locomotion control in animals and robots: A review

The goal of this paper is to review in brief the basic physics of single-election devices, as well as their-current and prospective applications. These devices based on the controllable transfer of single electrons between small conducting "islands", have already enabled several important scientific experiments. Several other applications of analog single-election devices in unique scientific instrumentation and metrology seem quite feasible. On the other hand, the prospect of silicon transistors being replaced by single-electron devices in integrated digital circuits faces tough challenges and remains uncertain. Nevertheless, even if this replacement does not happen, single electronics will continue to play an important role by shedding light on the fundamental size limitations of new electronic devices. Moreover, recent research in this field has generated some by-product ideas which may revolutionize random-access-memory and digital-data-storage technologies.

Single-electron devices and their applications

The electronic properties of inorganic devices such as memristors can be used to simulate neurological behaviour. In particular, ionic and electronic effects in a silver sulphide device are now shown to mimic short- and long-term synaptic functions. Memory is believed to occur in the human brain as a result of two types of synaptic plasticity: short-term plasticity (STP) and long-term potentiation (LTP; refs 1, 2, 3, 4). In neuromorphic engineering5,6, emulation of known neural behaviour has proven to be difficult to implement in software because of the highly complex interconnected nature of thought processes. Here we report the discovery of a Ag2S inorganic synapse, which emulates the synaptic functions of both STP and LTP characteristics through the use of input pulse repetition time. The structure known as an atomic switch7,8, operating at critical voltages, stores information as STP with a spontaneous decay of conductance level in response to intermittent input stimuli, whereas frequent stimulation results in a transition to LTP. The Ag2S inorganic synapse has interesting characteristics with analogies to an individual biological synapse, and achieves dynamic memorization in a single device without the need of external preprogramming. A psychological model related to the process of memorizing and forgetting is also demonstrated using the inorganic synapses. Our Ag2S element indicates a breakthrough in mimicking synaptic behaviour essential for the further creation of artificial neural systems that emulate characteristics of human memory.

/pdf/short-term-plasticity-and-long-term-potentiation-mimicked-in-3c6onjbc0r.pdf

Short-term plasticity and long-term potentiation mimicked in single inorganic synapses

Computational geometry

We propose an analog current-mode central pattern generator (CPG). Our circuit is based on the neural oscillator proposed by Matsuoka, well known as a building block for constructing a robot locomotion controller. We modified the Matsuoka's oscillator to be suitable for analog current-mode implementation, and implemented it as an analog integrated circuit with current-mode low-pass filters. The oscillator circuit operates in the subthreshold region under the low-supply voltages, and thus low power consumption can be expected. We constructed a CPG circuit with four oscillator circuits. Through SPICE simulations, we confirmed that the CPG circuit generates stable phase-locked oscillation corresponding to typical locomotion of patterns of animals, and that the amplitude and frequency of the oscillation can be controlled by tuning bias currents over a wide range.

/pdf/analog-current-mode-cmos-implementation-of-central-pattern-4995yahtu4.pdf

Analog current-mode CMOS implementation of central pattern generator for robot locomotion

An ultralow power constant reference current circuit with low temperature dependence for micropower electronic applications is proposed in this paper. This circuit consists of a constant-current subcircuit and a bias-voltage subcircuits, and it compensates for the temperature characteristics of mobility thermal voltage VT, and threshold voltage VTH in such a way that the reference current has small temperature dependence. A SPICE simulation demonstrated that reference current and total power dissipation is 97.7nA, 1.1mu W, respectively, and the variation in the reference current can be kept very small within +4% in a temperature range from -20 to 100 degC

/pdf/ultralow-power-temperature-insensitive-current-reference-55ivb2z5ke.pdf

Ultralow-power temperature-insensitive current reference circuit

Aiming at the development of high-speed image processors, we propose a cellular νMOS circuit that performs the processing of edge detection. The proposed circuit uses neuron MOS (νMOS) transistors for analog convolution operations with Gaussian-shaped kernel functions, which makes the circuit organization extremely simple as compared with that of conventional convolution circuits. Performances of the proposed circuit are evaluated by simulation program with integrated circuit emphasis (SPICE). The results show the usefulness of the cellular νMOS circuit in image-processing applications.

/pdf/cellular-nmos-circuits-performing-edge-detection-with-4u64u7nro9.pdf

Cellular νMOS Circuits Performing Edge Detection with Difference-of-Gaussian Filters

This paper proposes an approach to design of an artificial central pattern generator (CPG) with a feedback control loop. CPG is the biological neural network that generates rhythmic movements for locomotion of animals. A crucial point in designing of an artificial CPG controller is how to deal with sensory information on surrounding environrnents. Hence, we investigated the properties of an artificial CPG controller including sensory feedback. First, we analyzed the stability of the CPG controller, and then how a sensory feedback influences to the output of the controller. The results provide a realistic approach to design of an artificial CPG controller.

/pdf/design-of-an-artificial-central-pattern-generator-with-1xiraexy94.pdf

Design of an artificial central pattern generator with feedback controller

Relaxation processes for non-equilibrium electron distributions in two-dimensional ultrasmall tunnel junction arrays (2D-TJAs) have been studied using a Monte Carlo simulation. Many electrons initially placed in the central island diffuse outward due to single-electron tunneling. When we focus on the number of electrons in square shells dividing the 2D-TJA, the number of electrons strongly fluctuates in time to form electron bunching peaks, and the peaks are propagated to outer shells as a wave. This result indicates a self-organization of electrons in non-equilibrium TJAs, suggesting the possibility of applications based on a new algorithm.

Yoshihito Amemiya

Papers

Analog current-mode CMOS implementation of central pattern generator for robot locomotion

Ultralow-power temperature-insensitive current reference circuit

Cellular νMOS Circuits Performing Edge Detection with Difference-of-Gaussian Filters

Design of an artificial central pattern generator with feedback controller

Simulations of Relaxation Processes for Non-Equilibrium Electron Distributions in Two-Dimensional Tunnel Junction Arrays ( Quantum Dot Structures)