1980 Preface * 1999 Preface * 1999 Acknowledgements * Introduction * 1 Circular Logic * 2 Phase Singularities (Screwy Results of Circular Logic) * 3 The Rules of the Ring * 4 Ring Populations * 5 Getting Off the Ring * 6 Attracting Cycles and Isochrons * 7 Measuring the Trajectories of a Circadian Clock * 8 Populations of Attractor Cycle Oscillators * 9 Excitable Kinetics and Excitable Media * 10 The Varieties of Phaseless Experience: In Which the Geometrical Orderliness of Rhythmic Organization Breaks Down in Diverse Ways * 11 The Firefly Machine 12 Energy Metabolism in Cells * 13 The Malonic Acid Reagent ('Sodium Geometrate') * 14 Electrical Rhythmicity and Excitability in Cell Membranes * 15 The Aggregation of Slime Mold Amoebae * 16 Numerical Organizing Centers * 17 Electrical Singular Filaments in the Heart Wall * 18 Pattern Formation in the Fungi * 19 Circadian Rhythms in General * 20 The Circadian Clocks of Insect Eclosion * 21 The Flower of Kalanchoe * 22 The Cell Mitotic Cycle * 23 The Female Cycle * References * Index of Names * Index of Subjects

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/596B270197FE27DE5FABB598B6210622/S0025557200150892a.pdf/div-class-title-span-class-italic-the-geometry-of-biological-time-span-by-a-t-winfree-pp-544-dm68-corrected-second-printing-1990-isbn-3-540-52528-9-springer-div.pdf

The geometry of biological time , by A. T. Winfree. Pp 544. DM68. Corrected Second Printing 1990. ISBN 3-540-52528-9 (Springer)

https://users.dimi.uniud.it/~antonio.dangelo/Robotica/2012/helper/leggedRobot/Ijspeert08NN.pdf

2008 Special Issue: Central pattern generators for locomotion control in animals and robots: A review

The goal of this paper is to review in brief the basic physics of single-election devices, as well as their-current and prospective applications. These devices based on the controllable transfer of single electrons between small conducting "islands", have already enabled several important scientific experiments. Several other applications of analog single-election devices in unique scientific instrumentation and metrology seem quite feasible. On the other hand, the prospect of silicon transistors being replaced by single-electron devices in integrated digital circuits faces tough challenges and remains uncertain. Nevertheless, even if this replacement does not happen, single electronics will continue to play an important role by shedding light on the fundamental size limitations of new electronic devices. Moreover, recent research in this field has generated some by-product ideas which may revolutionize random-access-memory and digital-data-storage technologies.

Single-electron devices and their applications

The electronic properties of inorganic devices such as memristors can be used to simulate neurological behaviour. In particular, ionic and electronic effects in a silver sulphide device are now shown to mimic short- and long-term synaptic functions. Memory is believed to occur in the human brain as a result of two types of synaptic plasticity: short-term plasticity (STP) and long-term potentiation (LTP; refs 1, 2, 3, 4). In neuromorphic engineering5,6, emulation of known neural behaviour has proven to be difficult to implement in software because of the highly complex interconnected nature of thought processes. Here we report the discovery of a Ag2S inorganic synapse, which emulates the synaptic functions of both STP and LTP characteristics through the use of input pulse repetition time. The structure known as an atomic switch7,8, operating at critical voltages, stores information as STP with a spontaneous decay of conductance level in response to intermittent input stimuli, whereas frequent stimulation results in a transition to LTP. The Ag2S inorganic synapse has interesting characteristics with analogies to an individual biological synapse, and achieves dynamic memorization in a single device without the need of external preprogramming. A psychological model related to the process of memorizing and forgetting is also demonstrated using the inorganic synapses. Our Ag2S element indicates a breakthrough in mimicking synaptic behaviour essential for the further creation of artificial neural systems that emulate characteristics of human memory.

/pdf/short-term-plasticity-and-long-term-potentiation-mimicked-in-3c6onjbc0r.pdf

Short-term plasticity and long-term potentiation mimicked in single inorganic synapses

Computational geometry

Multiple-valued logic devices using single-electron circuits

Bipolarer transistor Bipolar transistor

Precisely-timed synchronization among spiking neuron circuits on silicon neural networks -Analog implementation of integrate-and-fire neurons, depressing synapses, and STDP lerning unitsTetsuya HIROSE Alexandre SCHMID Tetsuya ASAI Yusuf Leblebici and Yoshihito AMEMIYA †Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University Kita 14, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0814 JAPAN ‡Microelectronic Systems Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL) E-mail: hirose@saiens-ei.eng.hokudai.ac.jp

Precisely-timed synchronization among spiking neuron circuits on silicon neural networks - Analog implementation of integrate-and-fire neurons, depressing synapses, and STDP learning units

An on-chip voltage supply regulator for subthreshold-operated CMOS logic LSIs is proposed. The regulator transforms lithium battery voltage 3 V to low supply voltage 0.4-0.5 V for subthreshold-operated CMOS logic LSIs. It monitors the gate delay in the LSI and produces an appropriate supply voltage such that the delay is equal to a value determined by a built-in capacitor-resistor reference. We designed the regulator circuit, using 0.18-µm CMOS parameters, and confirmed its operation with SPICE simulation.

/pdf/on-chip-power-supply-for-subthreshold-operated-cmos-lsis-42bofuxac0.pdf

On-chip power supply for subthreshold-operated CMOS LSIs

In this report we propose a double-well potential system that can easily be implemented by a single operational amplifier. The system is described by the same dynamics as traditional analog neurons. First, we introduce a potential function obtained from the proposed dynamics, and show the bistable conditions. Then we examine the stochastic resonance (SR) behavior in the system by extensive computer simulations. As in traditional SR systems, we applied sinusoidal inputs to the system where the potential barrier is dynamically fluctuated (but the barrier is not flatten with this input). The stable points can be fluctuated by adding Gaussian noises when the barrier is vanished by the noise addition. As a result of calculations of signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) of the temporal outputs for various noise strength, we found that the system exhibited qualitatively the same SR characteristics as in traditional double-well SR systems. Finally, we show experimental results of an electronic SR system that is implemented by a single operational amplifier, and demonstrate that the circuit exhibits the same SR behaviors as demonstrated in the proposed double-well potential system.

Yoshihito Amemiya

Papers

Multiple-valued logic devices using single-electron circuits

Bipolarer transistor Bipolar transistor

Precisely-timed synchronization among spiking neuron circuits on silicon neural networks - Analog implementation of integrate-and-fire neurons, depressing synapses, and STDP learning units

On-chip power supply for subthreshold-operated CMOS LSIs

Stochastic Resonance in a Simple Electrical Circuits having a Double-Well Potential -- Laboratory Experiments with a Single Operational Amplifier