1980 Preface * 1999 Preface * 1999 Acknowledgements * Introduction * 1 Circular Logic * 2 Phase Singularities (Screwy Results of Circular Logic) * 3 The Rules of the Ring * 4 Ring Populations * 5 Getting Off the Ring * 6 Attracting Cycles and Isochrons * 7 Measuring the Trajectories of a Circadian Clock * 8 Populations of Attractor Cycle Oscillators * 9 Excitable Kinetics and Excitable Media * 10 The Varieties of Phaseless Experience: In Which the Geometrical Orderliness of Rhythmic Organization Breaks Down in Diverse Ways * 11 The Firefly Machine 12 Energy Metabolism in Cells * 13 The Malonic Acid Reagent ('Sodium Geometrate') * 14 Electrical Rhythmicity and Excitability in Cell Membranes * 15 The Aggregation of Slime Mold Amoebae * 16 Numerical Organizing Centers * 17 Electrical Singular Filaments in the Heart Wall * 18 Pattern Formation in the Fungi * 19 Circadian Rhythms in General * 20 The Circadian Clocks of Insect Eclosion * 21 The Flower of Kalanchoe * 22 The Cell Mitotic Cycle * 23 The Female Cycle * References * Index of Names * Index of Subjects

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/596B270197FE27DE5FABB598B6210622/S0025557200150892a.pdf/div-class-title-span-class-italic-the-geometry-of-biological-time-span-by-a-t-winfree-pp-544-dm68-corrected-second-printing-1990-isbn-3-540-52528-9-springer-div.pdf

The geometry of biological time , by A. T. Winfree. Pp 544. DM68. Corrected Second Printing 1990. ISBN 3-540-52528-9 (Springer)

https://users.dimi.uniud.it/~antonio.dangelo/Robotica/2012/helper/leggedRobot/Ijspeert08NN.pdf

2008 Special Issue: Central pattern generators for locomotion control in animals and robots: A review

The goal of this paper is to review in brief the basic physics of single-election devices, as well as their-current and prospective applications. These devices based on the controllable transfer of single electrons between small conducting "islands", have already enabled several important scientific experiments. Several other applications of analog single-election devices in unique scientific instrumentation and metrology seem quite feasible. On the other hand, the prospect of silicon transistors being replaced by single-electron devices in integrated digital circuits faces tough challenges and remains uncertain. Nevertheless, even if this replacement does not happen, single electronics will continue to play an important role by shedding light on the fundamental size limitations of new electronic devices. Moreover, recent research in this field has generated some by-product ideas which may revolutionize random-access-memory and digital-data-storage technologies.

Single-electron devices and their applications

The electronic properties of inorganic devices such as memristors can be used to simulate neurological behaviour. In particular, ionic and electronic effects in a silver sulphide device are now shown to mimic short- and long-term synaptic functions. Memory is believed to occur in the human brain as a result of two types of synaptic plasticity: short-term plasticity (STP) and long-term potentiation (LTP; refs 1, 2, 3, 4). In neuromorphic engineering5,6, emulation of known neural behaviour has proven to be difficult to implement in software because of the highly complex interconnected nature of thought processes. Here we report the discovery of a Ag2S inorganic synapse, which emulates the synaptic functions of both STP and LTP characteristics through the use of input pulse repetition time. The structure known as an atomic switch7,8, operating at critical voltages, stores information as STP with a spontaneous decay of conductance level in response to intermittent input stimuli, whereas frequent stimulation results in a transition to LTP. The Ag2S inorganic synapse has interesting characteristics with analogies to an individual biological synapse, and achieves dynamic memorization in a single device without the need of external preprogramming. A psychological model related to the process of memorizing and forgetting is also demonstrated using the inorganic synapses. Our Ag2S element indicates a breakthrough in mimicking synaptic behaviour essential for the further creation of artificial neural systems that emulate characteristics of human memory.

/pdf/short-term-plasticity-and-long-term-potentiation-mimicked-in-3c6onjbc0r.pdf

Short-term plasticity and long-term potentiation mimicked in single inorganic synapses

Computational geometry

We proposed a smart temperature sensor LSI consisting of subthreshold CMOS circuits The sensor was composed of a bias circuit, a PTAT current generator, an A/D converter, and a counter circuit All of the circuits were designed so that MOSFETs in the circuits would operate in the subthreshold region to achieve ultralow power consumption The PTAT current generator was the key component of the sensor and was constructed by using the characteristics of a MOSFET in the subthreshold region Simulation with SPICE demonstrated that the circuit can be used as a smart temperature sensor with ultralow-power consumption of 6 muW or less

/pdf/ultralow-power-smart-temperature-sensor-with-subthreshold-5elhozlzz8.pdf

Ultralow-Power Smart Temperature Sensor with Subthreshold CMOS Circuits

We developed a wake-up receiver comprised of subthreshold CMOS circuits. The proposed receiver includes an envelope detector, a high-gain baseband amplifier, a clock and data recovery (CDR) circuit, and a wake-up signal recognition circuit. The drain nonlinearity in the subthreshold region effectively detects the baseband signal with a microwave carrier. The offset cancellation method with a biasing circuit operated by the subthreshold produces a high gain of more than 100 dB for the baseband amplifier. A pulse-width modulation (PWM) CDR drastically reduces the power consumption of the receiver. A 2.4-GHz detector, a high-gain amplifier and a PWM clock recovery circuit were designed and fabricated with 0.18-μm CMOS process with one poly and six metal layers. The fabricated detector and high-gain amplifier achieved a sensitivity of ?47.2 dBm while consuming only 6.8 μW from a 1.5 V supply. The fabricated clock recovery circuit operated successfully up to 500 kbps.

/pdf/low-power-wake-up-receiver-with-subthreshold-cmos-circuits-1xr9dzvm7f.pdf

Low-power wake-up receiver with subthreshold CMOS circuits for wireless sensor networks

An effective controlling circuit for a floating-gate MOSFET analogue memory used in neural networks is described It is possible to charge or discharge the floating gate storage with high resolution of more than 1% of full scale The experimental results are described and discussed An improved device structure is proposed for simplifying the controlling circuit

Characteristics of floating gate device as analogue memory for neural networks

An insulating film is prepared by oxidizing an amorphous silicon layer containing boron or boron and germanium. The amorphous silicon layer is partially oxidized inwardly from the surface of the amorphous silicon layer to form the insulating film, while the unoxidized portion of the amorphous silicon layer is used as a conductive layer. The amorphous silicon layer may contain boron or boron and an element of Group IV, for example germanium. The insulating film is utilized to fabricate a bipolar transistor.

Method of manufacturing insulating film and electric device utilizing the same

This paper proposes an analog CMOS circuit that implements a central pattern generator (CPG) for locomotion control in a quadruped walking robot. Our circuit is based on an affine transformation of a reaction-diffusion cellular neural network (CNN), and uses differential pairs with multiple-input floating-gate (MIFG) MOS transistors to implement both the nonlinearity and summation of CNN cells. As a result, the circuit operates in voltage mode, and thus it is expected to reduce power consumption. Due to good matching accuracy of devices, the circuit generates stable rhythmic patterns for robot locomotion control. From experimental results on fabricated chip using a standard CMOS 1.5-/spl mu/m process, we show that the chip yields the desired results; i.e., stable rhythmic pattern generation and low power consumption.

Yoshihito Amemiya

Papers

Ultralow-Power Smart Temperature Sensor with Subthreshold CMOS Circuits

Low-power wake-up receiver with subthreshold CMOS circuits for wireless sensor networks

Characteristics of floating gate device as analogue memory for neural networks

Method of manufacturing insulating film and electric device utilizing the same

Analog CMOS implementation of a CNN-based locomotion controller with floating-gate devices