1980 Preface * 1999 Preface * 1999 Acknowledgements * Introduction * 1 Circular Logic * 2 Phase Singularities (Screwy Results of Circular Logic) * 3 The Rules of the Ring * 4 Ring Populations * 5 Getting Off the Ring * 6 Attracting Cycles and Isochrons * 7 Measuring the Trajectories of a Circadian Clock * 8 Populations of Attractor Cycle Oscillators * 9 Excitable Kinetics and Excitable Media * 10 The Varieties of Phaseless Experience: In Which the Geometrical Orderliness of Rhythmic Organization Breaks Down in Diverse Ways * 11 The Firefly Machine 12 Energy Metabolism in Cells * 13 The Malonic Acid Reagent ('Sodium Geometrate') * 14 Electrical Rhythmicity and Excitability in Cell Membranes * 15 The Aggregation of Slime Mold Amoebae * 16 Numerical Organizing Centers * 17 Electrical Singular Filaments in the Heart Wall * 18 Pattern Formation in the Fungi * 19 Circadian Rhythms in General * 20 The Circadian Clocks of Insect Eclosion * 21 The Flower of Kalanchoe * 22 The Cell Mitotic Cycle * 23 The Female Cycle * References * Index of Names * Index of Subjects

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/596B270197FE27DE5FABB598B6210622/S0025557200150892a.pdf/div-class-title-span-class-italic-the-geometry-of-biological-time-span-by-a-t-winfree-pp-544-dm68-corrected-second-printing-1990-isbn-3-540-52528-9-springer-div.pdf

The geometry of biological time , by A. T. Winfree. Pp 544. DM68. Corrected Second Printing 1990. ISBN 3-540-52528-9 (Springer)

https://users.dimi.uniud.it/~antonio.dangelo/Robotica/2012/helper/leggedRobot/Ijspeert08NN.pdf

2008 Special Issue: Central pattern generators for locomotion control in animals and robots: A review

The goal of this paper is to review in brief the basic physics of single-election devices, as well as their-current and prospective applications. These devices based on the controllable transfer of single electrons between small conducting "islands", have already enabled several important scientific experiments. Several other applications of analog single-election devices in unique scientific instrumentation and metrology seem quite feasible. On the other hand, the prospect of silicon transistors being replaced by single-electron devices in integrated digital circuits faces tough challenges and remains uncertain. Nevertheless, even if this replacement does not happen, single electronics will continue to play an important role by shedding light on the fundamental size limitations of new electronic devices. Moreover, recent research in this field has generated some by-product ideas which may revolutionize random-access-memory and digital-data-storage technologies.

Single-electron devices and their applications

The electronic properties of inorganic devices such as memristors can be used to simulate neurological behaviour. In particular, ionic and electronic effects in a silver sulphide device are now shown to mimic short- and long-term synaptic functions. Memory is believed to occur in the human brain as a result of two types of synaptic plasticity: short-term plasticity (STP) and long-term potentiation (LTP; refs 1, 2, 3, 4). In neuromorphic engineering5,6, emulation of known neural behaviour has proven to be difficult to implement in software because of the highly complex interconnected nature of thought processes. Here we report the discovery of a Ag2S inorganic synapse, which emulates the synaptic functions of both STP and LTP characteristics through the use of input pulse repetition time. The structure known as an atomic switch7,8, operating at critical voltages, stores information as STP with a spontaneous decay of conductance level in response to intermittent input stimuli, whereas frequent stimulation results in a transition to LTP. The Ag2S inorganic synapse has interesting characteristics with analogies to an individual biological synapse, and achieves dynamic memorization in a single device without the need of external preprogramming. A psychological model related to the process of memorizing and forgetting is also demonstrated using the inorganic synapses. Our Ag2S element indicates a breakthrough in mimicking synaptic behaviour essential for the further creation of artificial neural systems that emulate characteristics of human memory.

/pdf/short-term-plasticity-and-long-term-potentiation-mimicked-in-3c6onjbc0r.pdf

Short-term plasticity and long-term potentiation mimicked in single inorganic synapses

Computational geometry

A model for the storage of temporal sequences was proposed. On the basis of this model, we propose a neural model suitable for implementation on CMOS circuits that is capable of learning and recalling temporal sequences. In this paper, we numerically confirmed basic operations of the model and demonstrate fundamental circuit operations using a simulation program with integrated circuit emphasis (SPICE).

Neuromorphic MOS Circuits Implementing a Temporal Coding Neural Model

Our purpose is to explore possible ways to construct an electrical circuit that can perform high-speed information processing with slow devices. Regarding this point, neural networks seem to be a possible choice because they are considered to perform high-speed parallel information processing with neuron elements that are relatively slower than CMOS transistors. In recent study, Hospedales et al. reported that a neural network with temporal noises and spatial noises in neurons that was used to perform “vestibulo-ocular reflex” (VOR) could conduct a temporal signal whose frequency was higher than operation frequency of a single neuron in networks [1]. VOR stabilizes the visual field by moving the eyeballs in such a way that compensates for rotations of the head. They reported that this function could be achieved by using temporal and spatial noises of neurons. All the neurons in the model accept common input and generate spike output i (i: neuron number). The output of the network is given by summing of outputs of all the neurons. When no noises are applied to this network, all the neurons generate spike output at the same time (phase). However, when they are affected by temporal noises

/pdf/high-fidelity-neuromorphic-pulse-density-modulator-based-on-10k5m6r1it.pdf

High-fidelity neuromorphic pulse-density modulator based on a model of vestibulo-ocular reflex

One of the goals in quantum electronics is to develop computing systems that can perform data processing by using quantum devices. There are two basic ways that we can use quantum-effect devices for data processing. One is to imitate existing silicon LSI circuit systems, using quantum devices as analogs of MOSFETs. The problem with this approach is that integrated circuits made of new transistor-type devices would have a hard time competing with silicon LSI, which is a well-established, mature technology. The more promising strategy is to reconsider the procedure for implementing data processing and to pursue a path different from that of ordinary LSI systems. This section reviews several approaches that are based on such a new-paradigm strategy.

Circuit Systems Using Quantum-Effect Devices

https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ieejeiss1987/117/5/117_5_548/_pdf

Yoshihito Amemiya

Papers

Neuromorphic MOS Circuits Implementing a Temporal Coding Neural Model

High-fidelity neuromorphic pulse-density modulator based on a model of vestibulo-ocular reflex

Circuit Systems Using Quantum-Effect Devices

νMOS Cellular-Automaton Circuit for Picture Thinning and Shrinking

Schnelle, verlustarme Dioden