1980 Preface * 1999 Preface * 1999 Acknowledgements * Introduction * 1 Circular Logic * 2 Phase Singularities (Screwy Results of Circular Logic) * 3 The Rules of the Ring * 4 Ring Populations * 5 Getting Off the Ring * 6 Attracting Cycles and Isochrons * 7 Measuring the Trajectories of a Circadian Clock * 8 Populations of Attractor Cycle Oscillators * 9 Excitable Kinetics and Excitable Media * 10 The Varieties of Phaseless Experience: In Which the Geometrical Orderliness of Rhythmic Organization Breaks Down in Diverse Ways * 11 The Firefly Machine 12 Energy Metabolism in Cells * 13 The Malonic Acid Reagent ('Sodium Geometrate') * 14 Electrical Rhythmicity and Excitability in Cell Membranes * 15 The Aggregation of Slime Mold Amoebae * 16 Numerical Organizing Centers * 17 Electrical Singular Filaments in the Heart Wall * 18 Pattern Formation in the Fungi * 19 Circadian Rhythms in General * 20 The Circadian Clocks of Insect Eclosion * 21 The Flower of Kalanchoe * 22 The Cell Mitotic Cycle * 23 The Female Cycle * References * Index of Names * Index of Subjects

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/596B270197FE27DE5FABB598B6210622/S0025557200150892a.pdf/div-class-title-span-class-italic-the-geometry-of-biological-time-span-by-a-t-winfree-pp-544-dm68-corrected-second-printing-1990-isbn-3-540-52528-9-springer-div.pdf

The geometry of biological time , by A. T. Winfree. Pp 544. DM68. Corrected Second Printing 1990. ISBN 3-540-52528-9 (Springer)

https://users.dimi.uniud.it/~antonio.dangelo/Robotica/2012/helper/leggedRobot/Ijspeert08NN.pdf

2008 Special Issue: Central pattern generators for locomotion control in animals and robots: A review

The goal of this paper is to review in brief the basic physics of single-election devices, as well as their-current and prospective applications. These devices based on the controllable transfer of single electrons between small conducting "islands", have already enabled several important scientific experiments. Several other applications of analog single-election devices in unique scientific instrumentation and metrology seem quite feasible. On the other hand, the prospect of silicon transistors being replaced by single-electron devices in integrated digital circuits faces tough challenges and remains uncertain. Nevertheless, even if this replacement does not happen, single electronics will continue to play an important role by shedding light on the fundamental size limitations of new electronic devices. Moreover, recent research in this field has generated some by-product ideas which may revolutionize random-access-memory and digital-data-storage technologies.

Single-electron devices and their applications

The electronic properties of inorganic devices such as memristors can be used to simulate neurological behaviour. In particular, ionic and electronic effects in a silver sulphide device are now shown to mimic short- and long-term synaptic functions. Memory is believed to occur in the human brain as a result of two types of synaptic plasticity: short-term plasticity (STP) and long-term potentiation (LTP; refs 1, 2, 3, 4). In neuromorphic engineering5,6, emulation of known neural behaviour has proven to be difficult to implement in software because of the highly complex interconnected nature of thought processes. Here we report the discovery of a Ag2S inorganic synapse, which emulates the synaptic functions of both STP and LTP characteristics through the use of input pulse repetition time. The structure known as an atomic switch7,8, operating at critical voltages, stores information as STP with a spontaneous decay of conductance level in response to intermittent input stimuli, whereas frequent stimulation results in a transition to LTP. The Ag2S inorganic synapse has interesting characteristics with analogies to an individual biological synapse, and achieves dynamic memorization in a single device without the need of external preprogramming. A psychological model related to the process of memorizing and forgetting is also demonstrated using the inorganic synapses. Our Ag2S element indicates a breakthrough in mimicking synaptic behaviour essential for the further creation of artificial neural systems that emulate characteristics of human memory.

/pdf/short-term-plasticity-and-long-term-potentiation-mimicked-in-3c6onjbc0r.pdf

Short-term plasticity and long-term potentiation mimicked in single inorganic synapses

Computational geometry

This paper proposes a directional single-electron-tunneling (SET) junction that allows electron tunneling in only one direction. It is shown that this device will provide various SET circuits with novel functions in simple construction. Theoretical analysis indicates that a metal–insulator–insulator–metal (M–I–I–M) SET junction could achieve excellent directionality with a large forward/reverse conductance ratio of the order of hundreds of thousands. As one of the circuit applications, a multiple-valued memory cell using directional SET junctions is proposed and its writing and storage operation is simulated.

http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1143/JJAP.35.3569/pdf

Directional Single-Electron-Tunneling Junction

Single-electron circuits can be considered as highly functional units both in digital and analog computational systems. On the other hand, electrical circuits that are designed by mimicking computational structures in living organisms - neuromorphic circuits, would provide an insight to develop even more efficient processors. Neuromorphic systems have extensively been studied only for CMOS devices, and several neuromorphic circuits have been designed and fabricated. In this work, as an example toward developing nano-electronic neuromorphic architectures, we propose a possible image-processing structure for single-electron circuits. Among early visual processing, edge detection is a primary function in the vertebrate retina. We thus propose a single-electron circuit performing edge detection, and demonstrate the basic operations.

A Bio-Inspired Image Processor for Edge Detection with Single-Electron Circuits

LPCVD a-SiGe is oxidized much faster than c-Si, converting into a good quality insulator. The oxidation mechanism and oxide properties are studied. The work function of a-SiGeB can be varied over a wide energy range through controlling the composition. Application of these properties to submicron device fabrication is proposed.

Submicron device fabrication techniques utilizing amorphous silicon alloys

Analog integrated circuits that implement oscillatory neural systems are very important tools for exploring and discovering novel forms of neural information processing. However, there are severe difficulties in constructing compact circuits with low-power dissipation, which prevents large-scale integration of oscillatory neural circuits. In this report, aiming at the development of oscillatory neural VLSIs, we present novel CMOS circuits that implement the Lotka-Volterra (LV) oscillatory systems.

/pdf/analog-cmos-implementation-of-diffusive-lotka-volterra-5b3gn7xfzb.pdf

Analog CMOS Implementation of Diffusive Lotka-Volterra Neural Networks

An analog MOS circuit that imitates bursting properties of spiking neurons is proposed and fabricated. The circuit consists of the Oregonator device that can easily be implemented on analog CMOS LSIs. We demonstrate temporal properties of the proposed circuits by SPICE and fabricated ICs.

Yoshihito Amemiya

Papers

Directional Single-Electron-Tunneling Junction

A Bio-Inspired Image Processor for Edge Detection with Single-Electron Circuits

Submicron device fabrication techniques utilizing amorphous silicon alloys

Analog CMOS Implementation of Diffusive Lotka-Volterra Neural Networks

A MOS circuit for bursting neural oscillators with excitable oregonators