Institution
Braunschweig University of Technology
Education•Braunschweig, Germany•
About: Braunschweig University of Technology is a education organization based out in Braunschweig, Germany. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Computer science. The organization has 13268 authors who have published 26707 publications receiving 611590 citations.
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TL;DR: The quest for alternative drugs to the well-known cisplatin and its derivatives, which are still used in more than 50% of the treatment regimes for patients suffering from cancer, is highly needed, and organometallic compounds have recently been found to be promising anticancer drug candidates.
Abstract: The quest for alternative drugs to the well-known cisplatin and its derivatives, which are still used in more than 50% of the treatment regimes for patients suffering from cancer, is highly needed.1,2 Despite their tremendous success, these platinum compounds suffer from two main disadvantages: they are inefficient against platinum-resistant tumors, and they have severe side effects such as nephrotoxicity. The latter drawback is the consequence of the fact that the ultimate target of these drugs is ubiquitous: It is generally accepted that Pt anticancer drugs target DNA, which is present in all cells.3,4 Furthermore, as a consequence of its particular chemical structure, cisplatin in particular offers little possibility for rational improvements to increase its tumor specificity and thereby reduce undesired side effects.
In this context, organometallic compounds, which are defined as metal complexes containing at least one direct, covalent metal−carbon bond, have recently been found to be promising anticancer drug candidates. Organometallics have a great structural variety (ranging from linear to octahedral and even beyond), have far more diverse stereochemistry than organic compounds (for an octahedral complex with six different ligands, 30 stereoisomers exist!), and by rational ligand design, provide control over key kinetic properties (such as hydrolysis rate of ligands). Furthermore, they are kinetically stable, usually uncharged, and relatively lipophilic and their metal atom is in a low oxidation state. Because of these fundamental differences compared to “classical coordination metal complexes”, organometallics offer ample opportunities in the design of novel classes of medicinal compounds, potentially with new metal-specific modes of action. Interestingly, all the typical classes of organometallics such as metallocenes, half-sandwich, carbene-, CO-, or π-ligands, which have been widely used for catalysis or biosensing purposes, have now also found application in medicinal chemistry (see Figure Figure11 for an overview of these typical classes of organometallics).
Figure 1
Summary of the typical classes of organometallic compounds used in medicinal chemistry.
In this Perspective, we report on the recent advances in the discovery of organometallics with proven antiproliferative activity. We are emphasizing those compounds where efforts have been made to identify their molecular target and mode of action by biochemical or cell biology studies. This Perspective covers more classes of compounds and in more detail than a recent tutorial review by Hartinger and Dyson.(5) Furthermore, whereas recent reviews and book contributions attest to the rapid development of bioorganometallic chemistry in general,6,7 this Perspective focuses on their potential application as anticancer chemotherapeutics. Another very recent review article categorizes inorganic anticancer drug candidates by their modes of action.(8) It should be mentioned that a full description of all currently investigated types of compounds is hardly possible anymore in a concise review. For example, a particularly promising class of organometallic anticancer compounds, namely, radiolabeled organometallics, has been omitted for space limitations. Recent developments of such compounds have been reviewed in detail by Alberto.(9)
1,364 citations
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TL;DR: It is hypothesized that the endophytes, in contrast to known pathogens, generally have far greater phenotypic plasticity and thus more options than pathogens: infection, local but also extensive colonisation, latency, virulence, pathogenity and (or) saprophytism.
1,323 citations
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1,312 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present an overview of the instrumentation used to measure the magnetic field on the four Cluster spacecraft and an overview the performance of the operational modes used in flight.
Abstract: . The accurate measurement of the magnetic field along the orbits of the four Cluster spacecraft is a primary objective of the mission. The magnetic field is a key constituent of the plasma in and around the magnetosphere, and it plays an active role in all physical processes that define the structure and dynamics of magnetospheric phenomena on all scales. With the four-point measurements on Cluster, it has become possible to study the three-dimensional aspects of space plasma phenomena on scales commeasurable with the size of the spacecraft constellation, and to distinguish temporal and spatial dependences of small-scale processes. We present an overview of the instrumentation used to measure the magnetic field on the four Cluster spacecraft and an overview the performance of the operational modes used in flight. We also report on the results of the preliminary in-orbit calibration of the magnetometers; these results show that all components of the magnetic field are measured with an accuracy approaching 0.1 nT. Further data analysis is expected to bring an even more accurate determination of the calibration parameters. Several examples of the capabilities of the investigation are presented from the commissioning phase of the mission, and from the different regions visited by the spacecraft to date: the tail current sheet, the dusk side magnetopause and magnetosheath, the bow shock and the cusp. We also describe the data processing flow and the implementation of data distribution to other Cluster investigations and to the scientific community in general. Key words. Interplanetary physics (instruments and techniques) – magnetospheric physics (magnetospheric configuration and dynamics) – space plasma physics (shock waves)
1,218 citations
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TL;DR: This review focuses on the major functions of mineral micronutrients, mostly in cases where they were shown as constituents of proteins, making a selection and highlighting some functions in more detail.
1,196 citations
Authors
Showing all 13486 results
Name | H-index | Papers | Citations |
---|---|---|---|
Wolfgang Wagner | 156 | 2342 | 123391 |
Helmut Sies | 133 | 670 | 78319 |
Cristina Riccardi | 129 | 1627 | 91452 |
Klaus-Robert Müller | 129 | 764 | 79391 |
Alex Zunger | 128 | 826 | 78798 |
Rolf Müller | 104 | 905 | 50027 |
Rudolf Valenta | 102 | 748 | 38349 |
Oliver G. Schmidt | 100 | 1083 | 39988 |
Kenneth N. Timmis | 97 | 365 | 34912 |
Thomas Braun | 96 | 744 | 38576 |
Ursula Keller | 92 | 934 | 33229 |
William Martin | 90 | 348 | 34353 |
Bruce T. Tsurutani | 85 | 605 | 30358 |
Michael Wink | 83 | 938 | 32658 |
Yves-Alain Barde | 83 | 168 | 35485 |