Showing papers by "Cardiff University published in 1991"
TL;DR: An operational criteria checklist for psychotic illness and computer programs designed to be used in conjunction with it constitute the OPCRIT system, which provides a simple and reliable method of applying multiple operational diagnostic criteria in studies of psychotic illness.
Abstract: • An operational criteria checklist for psychotic illness and computer programs designed to be used in conjunction with it constitute the OPCRIT system. This provides a simple and reliable method of applying multiple operational diagnostic criteria in studies of psychotic illness. The development of the OPCRIT system and an assessment of reliability are described. Diagnostic agreement between three raters is excellent. Item-by-item agreement, although less good, still achieves reasonable reliability despite the problem of low base rates for some items.
1,555 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a study of the structure and the morphology of a titanium dioxide photocatalyst (Degussa P25) reveals multiphasic material consisting of an amorphous state, together with the crystalline phases anatase and rutile in the approximate proportions 80 20.
1,001 citations
TL;DR: The Ethnographic Imagination explores how sociologists use literary and rhetorical conventions to convey their findings and arguments, and to 'persuade' their colleagues and students of the authenticity of their accounts as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: First published in 1990, The Ethnographic Imagination explores how sociologists use literary and rhetorical conventions to convey their findings and arguments, and to 'persuade' their colleagues and students of the authenticity of their accounts. Looking at selected sociological texts in the light of contemporary social theory, the author analyses how their arguments are constructed and illustrated, and gives many new insights into the literary convention of realism and factual accounts.
502 citations
01 Jun 1991
TL;DR: Vertex rearrangement, retiming and edge elimination techniques are presented which facilitate the generation of a logical graph with an efficient allocation of pipeline registers.
Abstract: The authors outline a design methodology for the realisation of digital filtering structures with significantly reduced numbers of elementary arithmetic operations. The directed acyclic graphs which result from the design algorithms completely describe the filter arithmetically and may be mapped directly onto hardware or software realisations. Vertex rearrangement, retiming and edge elimination techniques are presented which facilitate the generation of a logical graph with an efficient allocation of pipeline registers. An example of the technique is given for a bit-serial realisation employing a bit-level pipeline. >
306 citations
01 Jan 1991
TL;DR: The basic theory behind geostatistical methods will be presented in this chapter in such a way as to minimize the use of mathematical expressions and notations.
Abstract: The basic theory behind geostatistical methods will be presented in this chapter in such a way as to minimize the use of mathematical expressions and notations The intention is to give the mining geologist and engineer sufficient theory to be able to apply geostatistics in an intelligent and informed way Considerable attention is thus given to the production and modelling of the semi-variogram, the basic tool of the geostatistician This aspect is frequently underplayed which is a pity, for the whole process is totally dependent on the interpretation of the semivariogram The various stages of a geostatistical ore-reserve estimation procedure are explained, leading to the production of block (local) reserves and overall (global) reserves The final stage of the whole exercise is the construction of a grade—tonnage curve
292 citations
TL;DR: A combination of analysis and simulation can be used to gain a far deeper understanding of the system dynamics than has so far been published, and it is shown that by better utilisation of the information flow, significant reductions in the demand amplification can be achieved without substantial expenditure.
288 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examine the use of internal marketing in implementing strategy, and propose a set of practical tools for tackling implementation problems, which are illustrated in two company case examples.
284 citations
TL;DR: Evidence indicates that the relations between platelet aggregation and ischemic heart disease are unlikely to be simply an effect of IHD on platelets, and Accounting for a number of possible confounding factors had a relatively small impact on the relations.
Abstract: The Caerphilly Collaborative Heart Disease Study is based on a large cohort of men (2,398) aged 49-66 years at the time of study. Platelet aggregation induced by collagen, thrombin, and ADP was measured in fasting blood samples and was related to prevalent angina, past myocardial infarction, and electrocardiographic evidence of ischemic heart disease. A number of subjects had taken aspirin, other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, or other drugs affecting platelet aggregation 7 days before blood sample collection; after the exclusion of these subjects, data were available for 1,811 men. No relations were demonstrated with angina, but significant relations were shown between past myocardial infarctions and electrocardiographic evidence of ischemia and ADP-induced aggregation (both primary and secondary) and between electrocardiographic evidence of ischemia and thrombin-induced aggregation. The strongest relation indicated more than a twofold increase in the odds of a past myocardial infarction in subjects of the highest fifth of ADP-induced primary platelet aggregation compared with the lowest fifth. No significant relations were detected with collagen-induced aggregation. Accounting for a number of possible confounding factors had a relatively small impact on the relations between platelet aggregation and ischemic heart disease. Other evidence, including the well-established effect of aspirin on reducing the incidence of ischemic heart disease, indicates that the relations we describe are unlikely to be simply an effect of IHD on platelets.
190 citations
TL;DR: Subsaturated, saturated and supersaturated solutions of hydrocortisone acetate formed by mixing appropriate propylene glycol/water cosolvent systems were studied and transport was linearly proportional to the degree of saturation over the wide range studied.
190 citations
TL;DR: Patients with meningococcal disease in December, 1989, were more likely than age-matched controls to show serological evidence of recent influenza A infection, and the most likely explanation is immune suppression induced by influenza A, though a lowering of mucosal resistance to meningitis invasion may also be a factor.
186 citations
Book•
06 Sep 1991TL;DR: This article studied the role of intergenerational self-disclosure troubles-telling, facework and age-identity telling age in later life in the context of sociolingiuistics and gerontology.
Abstract: Language and later life - incipient literatures discourse, accommodation and intergenerational relations formulating age - discursive dimensions of age-identity "my life in your hands" - processes of intergenerational self-disclosure troubles-telling, facework and age-identity telling age in later life - a strategic analysis intergenerational talk - consonance or conflict? sociolingiuistics and gerontology - applied concerns.
TL;DR: The object of this review is to evaluate critically the methods available for studying drug loss from the human oral cavity and studies which aimed to elucidate the mechanism of drug transfer across human Oral cavity mucosa.
TL;DR: The maximum principal stresses in the periodontal ligament produced by various orthodontic forces were determined using a three-dimensional finite element model of a human maxillary canine tooth.
Abstract: The accurate modelling of teeth under orthodontic load in the laboratory has many shortcomings in that it has not been possible to integrate methods, such as three-dimensional models, photo-elastic stress analysis, laser holographic interferometry, and animal studies, to give comprehensive and repeatable results. In this study, using a three-dimensional finite element model of a human maxillary canine tooth, the maximum principal stresses in the periodontal ligament produced by various orthodontic forces were determined. 1 Newton tipping forces produced stresses at the cervical margin of the periodontal ligament as high as 0.196 N/mm2 and apical stresses up to -0.034 N/mm2, while rotatory forces of two equal, but opposing forces of 0.5 Newton at the cervical margin of the crown produced cervical margin stresses ranging between -0.035 and 0.051 N/mm2, and apical stresses of between 0.0018 and 0.0027 N/mm2. These stresses are examined and discussed in relation to previous clinical, laboratory, and histological studies.
TL;DR: This paper reported a series of experiments concerned with identifying the locus of the irrelevant speech effect typically observed in short-term memory tasks and found that irrelevant speech effects typically occur in the context of irrelevant speech.
Abstract: The present article reports a series of experiments concerned with identifying the locus of the irrelevant speech effect typically observed in short-term memory tasks
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors survey the specialist accounting history literature and utilise primary sources relating to the development and application of cost and management accounting in British industry before 1850 and find that businessmen were cost-conscious and utilised costing data for planning, control and decision-making purposes from the sixteenth century to challenge the established view of lack of progress in these forms of accounting before the late nineteenth century.
Abstract: This article surveys the specialist accounting history literature and utilises primary sources relating to the development and application of cost and management accounting in British industry before 1850. After explaining the purpose of cost and management accounting and outlining their principal features, the findings of various studies of individual firms and industries are described and analysed. It is shown that the findings of accounting historians adds to the business historian's understanding of the development of managerial practices, and that there is sufficient evidence that businessmen were cost-conscious and utilised costing data for planning, control and decision-making purposes from the sixteenth century to challenge the established view of lack of progress in these forms of accounting before the late nineteenth century.
TL;DR: There were significant reductions in the plaque and gingivitis scores on all tooth surfaces between the baseline and 3-year examination in the two groups of children, but the children who had received orthodontic treatment had the greater reduction.
TL;DR: In this article, the chlorite geothermometer was used to calculate alteration temperatures for metamorphic mafic phyllosilicates in the Los Azufres geothermal system (Mexico).
Abstract: Mafic phyllosilicates in metabasites affected by low-grade regional metamorphism from Wales and eastern North Greenland show variations in their structure and chemistry. These variations are related to four mineral zones in these metabasites, which are recognized on the presence/absence of various key calc-silicate minerals and also actinolite. Zones 1 and 2 equate with the zeolite facies, zone 3 with the prehnite–pumpellyite facies (or prehnite–actinolite facies in rocks with appropriate bulk rock composition) and zone 4 with the greenschist facies. Whilst variations in Fe/(Fe + Mg) in chlorite correlate closely with Fe/(Fe + Mg) ratios in the whole-rock, other chemical variations are clearly unrelated to whole-rock compositions. Contents of Aliv are seen to increase systematically in samples from zone 1 through to zone 4, which relate to an increase in temperature. Calibration of alteration temperatures, calculated using the chlorite geothermometer (based on Aliv contents) developed for meta-andesites in the Los Azufres geothermal system (Mexico), against x values (an estimate of the proportion of chlorite to swelling component in the mafic phyllosilicates) shows a decrease in the swelling component in passing from zone 1 to zone 4, i.e. with an increase in temperature. Calculated temperatures compare favourably with published stability estimates for the various key calc-silicates and actinolite. These data indicate that the chlorite geothermometer, although developed for meta-andesites from a hydrothermal system, does show a correlation with temperatures estimated from calc-silicate assemblages in metabasites affected by low-grade metamorphism developed on a regional scale.
TL;DR: In this paper, the main deformation affecting the Sbrcby Succession in the Kalak Nappe complex, which was previously attributed to the early Ordovician Finnmarkian phase of the Caledonian orogeny, took place before c. 800 Ma in the pre-Caledonian 9Porsanger Orogeny9.
Abstract: Rb-Sr whole-rock, Sm-Nd mineral and U-Pb zircon dates are reported for minor 0granites and Seiland Igneous Province gabbros in the Kalak Nappe complex (Middle Allochthon), northern Norwegian Caledonides. The Litlefjord (Rb-Sr WR 813 ± 62 Ma, MSWD 2.7; U-Pb zircon 804 ± 19 Ma, MSWD 5.5) and Repvig (Rb-Sr WR 851± 130 Ma, MSWD 5.1) granites and the Hasvik gabbro (Sm-Nd WR/minerals 700 ± 33 Ma, MSWD 0.7) cut previously-deformed metasediments of the Scbrcby Succession while the Kvalfjord (Sm-Nd WR/minerals 612 f ± 33 Ma, MSWD 0.1) and Storvik (Sm-Nd WR/minerals 604 ± 44 Ma, MSWD 0.2) gabbros cut ‘basement9 paragneisses. The main (Dl–D2) deformation affecting the Sbrcby Succession in the Kalak Nappe complex, which was previously attributed to the early Ordovician Finnmarkian phase of the Caledonian orogeny, took place before c. 800 Ma in the pre-Caledonian 9Porsanger Orogeny9. Early ‘Soroy’ plutons of the Seiland Igneous Province were apparently emplaced during this event. However, the later, more voluminous ‘Stjernoy’ intrusions are c . 700–520 Ma old and post-date the Porsanger orogeny. These pre-Caledonian intrusions must be inter-, rather than syn-orogenic as previously claimed. This obviates the problem of accomodating the voluminous Seiland magmatism during orogenic compression and is consistent with an early Caledonian rift origin for these rocks, probably related to the opening of Iapetus.
TL;DR: This article found that on average first-time visitors to the Grand Canyon are willing to travel significantly greater distances than repeat visitors, and that repeat visitors are more likely to visit the canyon more frequently than first time visitors.
Abstract: This paper finds that on average first-time visitors to the Grand Canyon are willing to travel significantly greater distances than repeat visitors These findings are based upon a binary logit model of repeat visitations estimated from a recent sample of Grand Canyon visitors This model expresses the probability of repeat visitation as a function of distance travelled and visitor demographic profiles Included among the demographic characteristics are income, available leisure time, and the number of previous visits An important managerial implication of this study - not only for the Grand Canyon but also for other tourist destinations - is the value of ‘probability of revisitation’ approach in identifying subtle market fragments This opens the door to sophisticated marketing strategies that, in this case, cater to the separate needs and desires of repeat and first-time visitors to enhance revenue possibilities
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The optimum INR for the average Medtronic Hall patient is 3.0 after MVR and 2.5 after AVR but some adjustments may be required in relation to stroke risk factor analysis.
Abstract: In order to determine optimum anticoagulation levels for the Medtronic Hall valve, the effect of low anticoagulation (mean International Normalized Ratio [INR] 2.5, 1979-1984) and moderate anticoagulation (mean INR 3.0, 1985-1989) was determined in 345 patients (183 low, 162 moderate) undergoing isolated mitral valve replacement (MVR) and 241 patients (91 low, 150 moderate) undergoing isolated aortic valve replacement (AVR). There were no cases of valve thrombosis. Embolic events and bleeding events were graded in severity and multiple decrement event-free survival calculated according to valve site and anticoagulation level: MVR low, MVR moderate, AVR low, and AVR moderate. In the MVR low group, 80% were free of all events and 93% free of serious events at 3 years compared with 89% and 98%, respectively, in the MVR moderate group. The AVR low group experienced a very small incidence of embolic events (one only) and no bleeding events. The AVR moderate group suffered more bleeding and more embolic events and at 3 years only 87% were event-free compared with 99% in the AVR low group. In both AVR groups, all embolic events were associated with one or more known stroke risk factors. Patients under 70, in sinus rhythm who were normotensive and were nonsmokers suffered no embolic events irrespective of their anticoagulation level. We conclude that the optimum INR for the average Medtronic Hall patient is 3.0 after MVR and 2.5 after AVR but some adjustments may be required in relation to stroke risk factor analysis.
TL;DR: The joint-rater and test-retest reliability study demonstrated that identification of major affective disorders and schizophrenia was performed with sufficient reliability; however, diagnoses of subtypes of major disorders and identification of minor disorders was cless reliable.
Abstract: The joint-rater and test-retest reliability study of two translated versions of the SADS-LA (Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Lifetime version — modified for the study of anxiety disorders), one in French and the other in German, have been tested in family study settings, in a sample of patients and firstdegree relatives. The test-retest reliability study demonstrated that identification of major affective disorders and schizophrenia was performed with sufficient reliability; however, diagnoses of subtypes of major disorders (e.g. bipolar II disorder) and identification of minor disorders was cless reliable. The implications of these findings in phenotype identification during family studies in psychiatry are discussed.
TL;DR: The geographic prevalence pattern and sex ratio differ according to site of NTD but do not differ substantially according to whether NTD is isolated or associated with non-CNS anomalies.
Abstract: In the period 1980-1987, neural tube defects were two to three times more prevalent in populations covered by EUROCAT registries in the United Kingdom and Ireland (UKI) than in Continental Europe and Malta (CEM). 1864 NTD cases in a total population of 580,000 births in UKI and 455 cases in a population of 380,000 births in CEM were analysed to find if there were differences in the ratio of prevalence rates between UKI and CEM according to site of the defect and association with non-central nervous system (CNS) anomalies. The prevalence rate ratio was high for anencephaly with accompanying spina bifida, iniencephaly, and upper spina bifida, and low for encephalocele, lower spina bifida, and anencephaly without other neural tube defects. There was a greater female excess for anencephaly with accompanying spina bifida, iniencephaly, and upper spina bifida than for other defects in both geographic areas. There was a female excess for encephalocele in UKI but a male excess in CEM. Certain sites (anencephaly with accompanying spina bifida, iniencephaly, and encephalocele) were more likely to have accompanying non-CNS anomalies. The prevalence rate ratio of multiply malformed NTD was in general lower than for isolated NTD but showed the same pattern by site. The prevalence rate ratio was high for multiply malformed anencephaly with accompanying spina bifida, iniencephaly, and upper spina bifida. The sex ratio was similar between isolated and multiply malformed cases when site of the defect is taken into account. It is concluded that the geographic prevalence pattern and sex ratio differ according to site of NTD but do not differ substantially according to whether NTD is isolated or associated with non-CNS anomalies.
TL;DR: Accumulation of the pharmacologically active metabolite monohydroxycarbamazepine was found to be more than one would anticipate on the basis of linear and unchanged pharmacokinetics, and a significant higher maximum concentration, higher area under the curve parameters, and lower elimination rate constant were observed in the elderly.
Abstract: The disposition of oxcarbazepine was studied in 12 young and 12 elderly healthy male and 12 young and 12 elderly healthy female volunteers, with emphasis on the influence of age. Oxcarbazepine was administered as a single dose of either 300 mg (men) or 600 mg (women), followed by multiple-dose (300 mg) administration twice a day for 7 days (men) or 6 days (women). Semilogarithmic plasma concentration—time curves showed an increasing decline at decreasing concentrations. Accumulation of the pharmacologically active metabolite monohydroxycarbamazepine was found to be more than one would anticipate on the basis of linear and unchanged pharmacokinetics. Saturation did not seem to occur at the level of renal excretion. No apparent differences between male and female volunteers were observed. A significant higher maximum concentration, higher area under the curve parameters, and a lower elimination rate constant were observed in the elderly. These observations are in line with a smaller renal clearance of monohydroxycarbamazepine in the elderly group. In a clinical situation, these age-related differences are not likely to have important implications. In general, treatment with oxcarbazepine was well tolerated.
Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1991) 50, 410–419; doi:10.1038/clpt.1991.158
TL;DR: The behavior of staff and persons with severe handicaps was surveyed in nine settings, including four traditional institutions, three large community-based units, and two groups of small homes, which showed that the institutions were characterized by larger client and staff groups than the large community units.
TL;DR: Ultrasound treatment led to enhanced vasodilator response to the nicotinates, therefore indicating an enhancement of their percutaneous absorption, and may prove to be useful compounds in examination of the mechanism of action of phonophoresis.
Abstract: The influence of ultrasound on the percutaneous absorption of three nicotinate esters was investigated in 10 healthy volunteers in a double-blind placebo controlled crossover clinical trial. Using a specially designed experimental protocol, the effect of continuous output ultrasound (at frequency 3.0 MHz and intensity 1.0 W/cm2 for 5 min) on the percutaneous absorption of methyl, ethyl, and hexyl nicotinates, from gel bases, was investigated. A placebo control, involving massage with each of the gels, without ultrasound for 5 min, was also incorporated. The pharmacodynamic parameter of vasodilation caused by the nicotinates was used to monitor the percutaneous absorption of the drugs. Laser Doppler velocimetry, a noninvasive optical technique, was used to measure vasodilation of the cutaneous vessels within the treatment site. Ultrasound treatment led to enhanced vasodilator response to the nicotinates, therefore indicating an enhancement of their percutaneous absorption. These agents may prove to be useful compounds in examination of the mechanism of action of phonophoresis.
TL;DR: The standardization of methodology and the provision of age‐related reference values have been addressed for the design and interpretation of data from a multicentre neuropathy trial and E:I ratio for volunteers showed a more varible relationship with age, although patient values appeared to be located below the 5 centile line for volunteer data.
Abstract: The standardization of methodology and the provision of age-related reference values have been addressed for the design of and interpretation of data from a multicentre neuropathy trial. Age-related reference values were generated from 120 healthy volunteers. Vibration perception thresholds (VPT) deteriorated significantly with age (p less than 0.001). Patients were selected on the basis of age-related abnormal VPT and peroneal motor nerve conduction velocity. They were assessed at the beginning and end of a placebo run-in period (baseline data). The coefficients of variation (CV%) for VPT at the medial malleolus (16.81 per cent, n = 316) and great toe (19.23 per cent, n = 313) were lower compared to results in healthy volunteers (29.7 per cent and 20.8 per cent, respectively, n = 49). The CV% for expiratory:inspiratory (E:I) ratio (4.82 per cent, n = 215), Valsalva manoeuvre (10.84 per cent, n = 249) and 30:15 ratio (7.73 per cent, n = 292) from patients corresponded to those recorded in volunteers (7.6 per cent, n = 45 11.0 per cent, n = 49 9.5 per cent, n = 48, respectively). Most patient values for VPT at the great toe fell beyond the 95 centile line for volunteers. E:I ratio for volunteers showed a more variable relationship with age, although patient values appeared to be located below the 5 centile line for volunteer data.
TL;DR: In view of this incidence of pain and occupational handicap, it is felt that efforts should be made to preserve accessory nerve function in cases where surgical clearance of the tumour field is not compromised as a result.
Abstract: Forty-six patients who had undergone a radical neck dissection more than six months previously were assessed to determine the degree of handicap that results from division of the accessory nerve. Employment problems, amount of pain, and social and recreational difficulties were assessed. Forty-six per cent of those in employment prior to their operation gave up their work specifically because of problems with their shoulder; this affected more manual than non-manual workers (11 out of 20 manual compared with zero out of four non-manual). Thirty per cent complained of moderately severe or severe pain related to the shoulder. The amount of pain could not be correlated with age, sex, side of operation in relation to handedness, physical build of the patient, or whether the patient had been treated with radiotherapy. Although this is the largest study to address this question since that of Ewing and Martin in 1952, the small numbers involved mean that if any such correlation exists then it may not have become apparent. In view of this incidence of pain and occupational handicap, we feel that efforts should be made to preserve accessory nerve function in cases where surgical clearance of the tumour field is not compromised as a result.
TL;DR: The percentage of oestrogen receptor (ER) positive cells in a series of 118 breast cancers has been examined by immunohistochemistry in relation to patients' response to endocrine therapy to calculate appropriate cut-off points.
TL;DR: In this paper, high-resolution observations of the core of the globular cluster 47 Tucanae with the Faint Object Camera on the Hubble Space Telescope reveal a high density of "blue straggler" stars, occupying the upper end of the main sequence from which all stars in the cluster should have long since evolved.
Abstract: High-resolution observations of the core of the globular cluster 47 Tucanae with the Faint Object Camera on the Hubble Space Telescope reveal a high density of 'blue straggler' stars, occupying the upper end of the main sequence from which all stars in the cluster should have long since evolved. Their presence in the dense core supports the hypothesis that they formed by stellar collision and coalescence, and, as the heaviest objects in the cluster, have drifted to the core.
TL;DR: In this study the 'stop smoking' advice of the physician was reinforced by advice/support from a research assistant (SB) and by nicotine (N) or placebo (P) chewing gum.