Cochrane Collaboration

About: Cochrane Collaboration is a nonprofit organization based out in Oxford, United Kingdom. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Systematic review & Randomized controlled trial. The organization has 1995 authors who have published 3928 publications receiving 382695 citations.

Routine versus selective antifungal administration for control of fungal infections in patients with cancer.

Abstract: BACKGROUND Systemic fungal infection is considered to be an important cause of morbidity and mortality in cancer patients, particularly those with neutropenia. Antifungal drugs are often given prophylactically, or to patients with persistent fever. OBJECTIVES The objective of this review was to assess the effect of antifungal drugs in cancer patients with neutropenia. SEARCH STRATEGY We searched the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register and MEDLINE (November 1999) and the reference lists of articles. We searched the proceedings of the ICAAC, General Meeting of the ASM (from 1990 to 1999), and the 7th European Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (1995 to 1999) and contacted researchers in the field. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised trials of amphotericin B, AmBisome, fluconazole, ketoconazole, miconazole, or itraconazole compared with placebo or no treatment in cancer patients with neutropenia. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two reviewers independently assessed trial eligibility, methodological quality and abstracted data. MAIN RESULTS Twenty-nine trials involving 3875 patients were included. Intravenous amphotericin B reduced total mortality (relative risk 0.72, 95% confidence interval 0.51 to 1.02, P=0.06) based on 8 trials. This borderline result was confirmed by three trials which compared lipid soluble amphotericin B (AmBisome) with smaller doses of standard amphotericin B; the trials demonstrated an effect of AmBisome on mortality, relative risk 0.70 (95% CI 0.50 to 0.99). The risk difference for the two estimates combined is 0.040 (95% CI 0.012 to 0.068) which means that 25 patients (95% CI 15 to 83) would need to be treated with intravenous amphotericin B to avoid one death. In contrast, fluconazole, ketoconazole, miconazole and itraconazole had no effect on mortality. The incidence of invasive fungal infection decreased with administration of amphotericin B (relative risk 0.39, 95% CI 0.20 to 0.76), fluconazole (relative risk 0.39, 95% CI 0.27 to 0.57) and itraconazole (relative risk 0.45, 95% CI 0.20 to 0.99), but not with miconazole or ketoconazole. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS Intravenous amphotericin B is the only antifungal agent which has a documented effect on mortality, and there is not sufficient evidence to judge the relative merits of other antifungal agents. This drug should therefore be preferred for prophylactic or empirical antifungal therapy in cancer patients with neutropenia.

Parents Suggest Which Indicators of Progress and Outcomes Should be Measured in Young Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Abstract: Evaluation of interventions for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is hampered by the multitude of outcomes measured and tools used. Measurement in research with young children tends to focus on core impairments in ASD. We conducted a systematic review of qualitative studies of what matters to parents. Parent advisory groups completed structured activities to explore their perceptions of the relative importance of a wide range of outcome constructs. Their highest ranked outcomes impacted directly on everyday life and functioning (anxiety, distress, hypersensitivity, sleep problems, happiness, relationships with brothers and sisters, and parent stress). Collaboration between professionals, researchers and parents/carers is required to determine an agreed core set of outcomes to use across evaluation research.

RARE-Bestpractices: a platform for sharing best practices for the management of rare diseases

Abstract: Over the last decade the European Union has been coordinating actions addressing various aspects of rare diseases and has funded several cross-border research projects. Recently has initiated the biggest rare disease international collaborative effort by launching the International Rare Diseases Research Consortium (IRDiRC). RARE-Bestpractices is one of the more than 100 collaborative research projects on rare diseases funded under the Seventh Framework Programme for Research and Technological Development (FP7; 2007-2013) (1). As a wide, open and inclusive network, RARE-Bestpractices will build on the knowledge of the experts in rare disease research area and experts in guideline development and health technology assessment area, brought together, for the first time, from academic institutions, agencies, organizations, patient advocacy groups, governmental bodies. The project aims at building a platform to collect and exchange information on best practices for the management of rare diseases; to identify relevant research needs; to promote the development of high quality guidelines; and to contribute in making patients, health professionals and policy makers “informed guideline users”. Besides, RARE-Bestpractices will intend to define the extent to which conclusions from cost-effectiveness analyses for pharmaceuticals are accounted for and implemented in guidelines across a range of countries.

Association between trial registration and treatment effect estimates: a meta-epidemiological study

Abstract: To increase transparency in research, the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors required, in 2005, prospective registration of clinical trials as a condition to publication. However, many trials remain unregistered or retrospectively registered. We aimed to assess the association between trial prospective registration and treatment effect estimates.

Cognitive behavioural therapy halves the risk of repeated suicide attempts: systematic review:

Abstract: ObjectiveTo study whether cognitive behavioural therapy decreases suicide attempts in people with previous suicide attempts.DesignSystematic review and meta-analysis.SettingRandomised trials that c...