Showing papers by "Dartmouth College published in 1989"
TL;DR: The field of marketing management is grounded implicitly in a structural functionalist or contingency perspective of organizational functioning as discussed by the authors, however, the field of organizational behavio-behavior is not grounded in a functionalist perspective.
Abstract: Contemporary work on marketing management is grounded implicitly in a structural functionalist or contingency perspective of organizational functioning. However, the field of organizational behavio...
1,413 citations
TL;DR: The authors assessed the causes and consequences of job insecurity using a new theory-based measure incorporating recent conceptual arguments and compared the measure's reliability and constrain on job insecurity in the US.
Abstract: This research assessed the causes and consequences of job insecurity using a new theory-based measure incorporating recent conceptual arguments. We also compared the measure's reliability and const...
1,242 citations
TL;DR: This article found that a favorable opinion about the overseas assignment by the spouse is positively related to the spouse's adjustment and the novelty of the foreign culture has a negative relationship with the spouse adjustment.
1,065 citations
TL;DR: It is shown that the constrained Delaunay triangulation (CDT) can be built in optimalO(n logn) time using a divide-and-conquer technique and has a number of properties that make them useful for the finite-element method.
Abstract: Given a set ofn vertices in the plane together with a set of noncrossing, straight-line edges, theconstrained Delaunay triangulation (CDT) is the triangulation of the vertices with the following properties: (1) the prespecified edges are included in the triangulation, and (2) it is as close as possible to the Delaunay triangulation. We show that the CDT can be built in optimalO(n logn) time using a divide-and-conquer technique. This matches the time required to build an arbitrary (unconstrained) Delaunay triangulation and the time required to build an arbitrary constrained (non-Delaunay) triagulation. CDTs, because of their relationship with Delaunay triangulations, have a number of properties that make them useful for the finite-element method. Applications also include motion planning in the presence of polygonal obstacles and constrained Euclidean minimum spanning trees, spanning trees subject to the restriction that some edges are prespecified.
637 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the strategic and managerial consequences of organizational decline are examined. Comparisons were made among 49 firms filing for bankruptcy and between those firms and a matched sample of n...
Abstract: This study looks at the strategic and managerial consequences of organizational decline. Comparisons were made among 49 firms filing for bankruptcy and between those firms and a matched sample of n...
449 citations
TL;DR: Patients who were dually diagnosed with substance abuse and mental illness differed from those with mental illness alone in several respects: they were younger and more often male; were less able to manage their lives in the community in terms of maintaining regular meals, adequate finances, stable housing, and regular activities; showed greater hostility, suicidality, and speech disorganization and had poorer medication compliance.
Abstract: Substance abuse was examined in a group of 187 chronic mentally ill patients living in the community. According to ratings by aftercare clinicians, approximately onethird of the sample abused alcohol, street drugs, or both during the six months before evaluation. Patients who were dually diagnosed with substance abuse and mental illness differed from those with mental illness alone in several respects: they were younger and more often male; were less able to manage their lives in the community in terms of maintaining regular meals, adequate finances, stable housing, and regular activities; showed greater hostility, suicidality, and speech disorganization; and had poorer medication compliance. In addition, they were nearly twice as likely to be rehospitalized during one-year follow-up. Substance abuse, appeared to add the problems of disruptive, disinhibited, noncompliant behaviors to chronic mental illness.
442 citations
TL;DR: The use of self-directed hybridoma cells as a model of tumor-cell killing and of bi-specific antibodies to link target cells to effector cells through the different Fc gamma R is discussed, suggesting that the ability of a given F c gamma R to trigger killing is sometimes dependent on the type of Fc Gamma R, but is also markedly influenced by thetype of target cell and by the nature and state of activation of the effector cell.
376 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors employ a threefold strategy to make progress toward answering this question: identifying and critiquing the principal models embedded in the existing literature on regime formation, articulating an alternative model, called institutional bargaining, and employing this alternative model to derive some hypotheses about the determinants of success in institutional bargaining.
Abstract: Why do actors in international society succeed in forming institutional arrangements or regimes to cope with some transboundary problems but fail to do so in connection with other, seemingly similar, problems? This article employs a threefold strategy to make progress toward answering this question. The first section prepares the ground by identifying and critiquing the principal models embedded in the existing literature on regime formation, and the second section articulates an alternative model, called institutional bargaining. The third section employs this alternative model to derive some hypotheses about the determinants of success in institutional bargaining and uses these hypotheses, in a preliminary way, to illuminate the process of regime formation in international society. To lend empirical content to the argument, the article focuses throughout on problems relating to natural resources and the environment.
371 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that the lower rate of hospital use by Medicare enrollees in New Haven was not associated with a higher overall mortality rate, and population-based and hospital-based statistics are needed to evaluate differences in hospital mortality rates for high-variation medical conditions.
Abstract: We compared rates of hospital use and mortality in fiscal year 1985 among Medicare enrollees in Boston and New Haven, Connecticut. Adjusted rates of discharge, readmission, length of stay,...
334 citations
331 citations
TL;DR: Calculated effective optical constants are used to find the reflectance from a suspension of Ag spheres, and the results are in good agreement with the recent reflectance measurements of Lee et al.
Abstract: The Mie theory is used to find the in situ electric dipole polarizability of a sphere of arbitrary size and material. This size-dependent polarizability, together with the Clausius-Mossotti equation, yields an effective dipole generalization of the Maxwell Garnett equation for spheres of nonzero size. Calculated effective optical constants are used to find the reflectance from a suspension of Ag spheres. The results are in good agreement with the recent reflectance measurements of Lee et al. [Phys. Rev. B 37, 2918 (1988)] on porous glass media containing Ag particles.
TL;DR: It is shown that there is a planar graph G on S with the property that for any points A and B of S there exists an A-to-B path along edges of the graph with path length equal to the straight-line distance between A and A.
01 Dec 1989
TL;DR: The use of signal detection theory as a tool for evaluating and comparing concept descriptions learned by inductive inference and the use of ROC curves are described.
Abstract: This paper describes the use of signal detection theory as a tool for evaluating and comparing concept descriptions learned by inductive inference. We outline the use of ROC curves and describe the experience we have had in using these concepts for inductive learning using connectionist models, genetic search, and symbolic concept acquisition.
TL;DR: Data from 121 SBUs indicate that SBU competitive strategy interacts with several managerial orientations (functional background, locus of control, and problem-solving style) to influence SBU effectiveness.
Abstract: This paper argues that, for superior performance, it is necessary to attune the choice of the general manager to the strategy of the business unit (SBU). Data from 121 SBUs indicate that SBU competitive strategy interacts with several managerial orientations (functional background, locus of control, and problem-solving style) to influence SBU effectiveness. The theoretical and practical relevance of these findings are discussed, as are directions for future research.
TL;DR: The results indicate that the primary impact of negotiations is evident in the fourth year after a settlement date, which is likely to cause the target'S management team to experience abnormally high turnover 4 years later.
Abstract: This research investigates the effects of merger and acquisition negotiations on subsequent target company top management turnover. Three attributes of the companies and seven attributes of the merger and acquisition transactions are examined. The results indicate that the primary impact of negotiations is evident in the fourth year after a settlement date. When a buyer approaches an unrelated company that has been subject to previous takeover interest with a merger proposal, and an agreement is reached, the target's management team is likely to experience abnormally high turnover 4 years later. Additional research ideas are suggested to help explain the sizeable turnover rates in the 3 years immediately following a merger or acquisition.
TL;DR: No relationship was found between laryngeal pathology seen at initial laryngoscopy and the development of adverse effects, but duration of TLI was not.
TL;DR: It appears that the human brain has a modular organization consisting of identifiable component processes that participate in the generation of a cognitive state.
Abstract: Examination of structure-function correlates in the human brain reveals that there is a high degree of functional specificity in the information transmitted over neural systems. It also appears that the human brain has a modular organization consisting of identifiable component processes that participate in the generation of a cognitive state. The effects of isolating entire modular systems or of disconnecting the component parts can be observed. The features of a left hemisphere specialized capacity to interpret the actions of modules are discussed in terms of human consciousness.
TL;DR: RNA blot analysis verified that the abundance of the transcripts arising from these genes oscillates with a period of 21.5 hours in a clock wild-type strain and 29 hours in the long-period clock mutant strain frq7, providing a view of the extent of clock control of gene expression.
Abstract: To investigate the regulation of messenger RNA abundance by circadian clocks, genomic and complementary DNA libraries were screened with complementary DNA probes enriched, by means of sequential rounds of subtractive hybridization, for sequences complementary to transcripts specific to either early morning or early evening cultures of Neurospora. Only two morning-specific genes were identified through this protocol. RNA blot analysis verified that the abundance of the transcripts arising from these genes oscillates with a period of 21.5 hours in a clock wild-type strain and 29 hours in the long-period clock mutant strain frq7. Genetic mapping through the use of restriction fragment length polymorphisms shows the two genes, ccg-1 and ccg-2, to be unlinked. These data provide a view of the extent of clock control of gene expression.
TL;DR: The results suggest that the natriuretic action of ANP is related in part to cGMP-mediated inhibition of electrogenic Na+ absorption by the inner medullary collecting duct.
Abstract: The patch-clamp technique was used to examine the effects of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and its second messenger guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cGMP) on an amiloride-sensitive cation channel in the apical membrane of renal inner medullary collecting duct cells. Both ANP (10(-11) M) and dibutyryl guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (10(-4) M) inhibited the channel in cell-attached patches, and cGMP (10(-5) M) inhibited the channel in inside-out patches. The inner medullary collecting duct is the first tissue in which ANP, via its second messenger cGMP, has been shown to regulate single ion channels. The results suggest that the natriuretic action of ANP is related in part to cGMP-mediated inhibition of electrogenic Na+ absorption by the inner medullary collecting duct.
TL;DR: The first description of the biologic properties of the lymphokine responsible for T cell growth occurred only after there was a development of a T-cell growth factor (TCGF) assay using cloned cytolytic T cell lines as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Publisher Summary Although it was assumed initially that the various activities found in conditioned media were solely produced by lymphocytes, this idea was broadened subsequently to allow for activities that are produced by nonlymphoid cells, and the term cytokine is now sometimes used. A pivotal advance that enabled new experimental approaches to these problems came when techniques were developed to culture normal T cells for prolonged periods. For lymphokine experiments, the use of cloned cells instead of a heterogeneous population of target cells was the breakthrough needed for unambiguous interpretations of experimental results. Thus, the first description of the biologic properties of the lymphokine responsible for T cell growth occurred only after there was a development of a T cell growth factor (TCGF) assay using cloned cytolytic T cell lines. Clues as to the mechanism were uncovered during the course of the very first experiments on the biologic characteristics of interleukin 2 (IL-2), as the TCGF is presently known, because it was noted that the activity disappeared from the culture media as the cell density increased. The authentic, high-affinity IL-2 receptor that functions to signal T cell cycle progression is composed of at least two distinct polypeptide chains, each of which contains an IL-2 binding site.
TL;DR: The cloning and analysis of the frq locus are reported and show it to be larger and more complex than would have been predicted from the available genetic data, and suggests the possibility of a common element in the clock mechanisms of these two organisms.
Abstract: The isolation and characterization of single gene mutations affecting the circadian biological clocks of several organisms has left little doubt that circadian rhythms can be subjected to classical genetical analysis. Many of these mutations occur at the same few genetic loci (frequency (frq) in the fungus Neurospora, and period (per) in fruit fly Drosophila); these loci represent the best studied clock-affecting genes known. Mutant strains are usually affected in more than one basic clock property, suggesting an inter-relatedness at the molecular level among these basic properties that would not have been predicted a priori. The extensive background information available concerning the frq locus provides a basis for the molecular dissection of the Neurospora circadian clock--the most minimal circadian system thus far described. We report here the cloning and analysis of the frq locus and show it to be larger and more complex than would have been predicted from the available genetic data. Complete rescue of all of the pleiotropic mutant phenotypes of the recessive frq allele requires transformation with a 7.7-kilobase (kb) region of DNA encoding at least two transcripts. Sequence analysis of this region has allowed the identification of a common element between frq and per which, given the background similarities in their classical genetic characteristics, suggests the possibility of a common element in the clock mechanisms of these two organisms.
TL;DR: It is found that the mRNAs for ALA synthase and PB1 P-450 were rapidly and simultaneously induced by the porphyrinogenic drugs glutethimide and 2-propyl-2-isopropylacetamide, suggesting the presence of a labile repressor which modulates PB1 p-450 gene expression.
Abstract: To examine current models for the co-ordinate regulation of 5-aminolaevulinate (ALA) synthase and cytochrome P-450 we have determined the effect of drugs, inhibitors of haem biosynthesis, haem and cycloheximide on the steady-state expression of mRNAs for ALA synthase and a phenobarbital-inducible cytochrome P-450 (PB1 P-450), in chick embryo hepatocytes in vivo and in primary culture. We found that the mRNAs for ALA synthase and PB1 P-450 were rapidly and simultaneously induced by the porphyrinogenic drugs glutethimide and 2-propyl-2-isopropylacetamide. Inhibitors of haem biosynthesis when administered alone had a small effect on ALA synthase mRNA induction, but in combination with the drugs synergistically increased induction of both ALA synthase mRNA and enzyme activity. However, there were concentrations of inhibitors that increased induction of enzyme activity without increasing mRNA induction. Haem suppressed ALA synthase mRNA induction by drugs by only 50%, whereas induction of ALA synthase enzyme activity was completely suppressed. This suppression of ALA synthase mRNA by haem was blocked by cycloheximide treatment which did not block the induction of ALA synthase mRNA by drugs. In fact, cycloheximide synergistically increased the drug induction of ALA synthase mRNA, suggesting the presence of a labile protein factor which may interact with a haem-responsive element of the ALA synthase gene. Cycloheximide treatment alone did not significantly affect ALA synthase mRNA expression, but induced PB1 P-450 mRNA to a similar extent to that caused by porphyrinogenic drugs, suggesting the presence of a labile repressor which modulates PB1 P-450 gene expression. Basal and drug-inducible PB1 P-450 mRNA levels were unaffected by haem or by inhibitors of haem biosynthesis, indicating that the PB1 P-450 gene is not regulated by haem in chick embryo hepatocytes. Our results indicate that drugs simultaneously induce ALA synthase and PB1 P-450 mRNA expression, and that ALA synthase activity is regulated by haem principally at a post-transcriptional site rather than at the transcriptional level.
TL;DR: The purpose of the frameless stereotaxic operating microscope is to display computed tomography or other image data in the operating microscope in the correct scale, orientation, and position without the use of a stereOTaxic frame.
Abstract: The purpose of the frameless stereotaxic operating microscope is to display computed tomography (CT) or other image data in the operating microscope in the correct scale, orientation, and position without the use of a stereotaxic frame. A nonimaging ultrasonic rangefinder allows the position of the operating microscope and the position of the patient to be determined. Discrete fiducial points on the patient's external anatomy are located in both image space and operating room space, linking the image data and the operating room. Physician-selected image information, e.g. tumor contours or guidance to predetermined targets, is projected through the optics of the operating microscope using a miniature cathode ray tube and a beam splitter. Projected images superpose the surgical field, reconstructed from image data to match the focal plane of the operating microscope. The algorithms on which the system is based are described, and the sources and effects of errors are discussed. The system's performance is simulated, providing an estimate of accuracy. Two phantoms are used to measure accuracy experimentally. Clinical results and observations are given. >
TL;DR: Targeted inspiratory muscle training may enhance respiratory muscle function and reduce dyspnea in symptomatic patients with moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Abstract: Study Objective:To examine the effects of targeted inspiratory muscle training on respiratory muscle function, clinical ratings of dyspnea, and perception of resistive loads in symptomatic...
TL;DR: The authors presented a framework for organizing and discussing how sales promotion affects sales and how to use this framework to delineate major generalizations and to identify issues in need of resolution, which consists of data used to measure the sales impact of promotions and the time frame of that impact.
Abstract: This article presents a framework for organizing and discussing how sales promotion affects sales and how to use this framework to delineate major generalizations and to identify issues in need of resolution. This framework consists of data used to measure the sales impact of promotions and the time frame of that impact.
TL;DR: It is postulated here that the sensory abnormalities induced by capsaicin and those observed in patients with a particular variety of neuropathic pain relate to primary hyperalgesia and share a common mechanism in that the excitable receptor membrane of polymodal C nociceptors behaves as if it 'misreads' temperature.
Abstract: Quantitative thermal and mechanical algometry was studied in 4 human subjects exposed to various concentrations of capsaicin administered topically to the skin of the palm or forearm Treated skin patches were assessed for changes in heat pain threshold and in mechanical pain threshold at various controlled temperatures The results showed that: (1) in addition to heat hyperalgesia, capsaicin consistently induces overt mechanical hyperalgesia; (2) thermal and mechanical hyperalgesias are linearly dependent on the log of capsaicin dose, (3) mechanical hyperalgesia is increased by increasing skin temperature; (4) mechanical hyperalgesia is abolished by cooling the skin to a point about 10° C below the threshold for heat pain, a temperature that does not impair touch or sharp pain sensation. These sensory effects of capsaicin are mediated by C fibres, since dissociated A fibre block established by compression-ischaemia does not abolish either spontaneous pain or mechanical hyperalgesia. In addition, abolition of mechanical hyperalgesia by cooling persists during A fibre block Cooling thus appears to act directly, presumably decreasing hyperexcitability of the C nociceptor. Hyperalgesia is also transiently depressed for at least 30 min during the postischaemic period, well beyond the duration of paraesthesiae or overt hyperaemia. Sensory changes identical to those induced experimentally by capsaicin have been observed in patients with a particular variety of neuropathic pain (ABC syndrome) and have been termed polymodal hyperalgesia and cross modality threshold modulation (Ochoa, 1986, Ochoa et al , 1987) Based on these overall observations, it is postulated here that the sensory abnormalities induced by capsaicin and those observed in this particular variety of patients relate to primary hyperalgesia and share a common mechanism in that the excitable receptor membrane of polymodal C nociceptors behaves as if it ‘misreads’ temperature.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors observed that average repeat rates are lower after a promotion purchase, and one interpretation of this result is that a media-coupon or cents-off promotion undermines the consumer.
Abstract: Several authors have observed that average repeat rates are lower after a promotion purchase. One interpretation of this result is that a media-coupon or cents-off promotion undermines the consumer...
Journal Article•
TL;DR: It is concluded that Fc receptor function is triggered through binding to each of the three epitopes of Fc gamma RI that the four new antibodies with specificity for Fc Gamma RI are defined.
Abstract: The human monocyte and macrophage Fc receptor that binds human IgG with high affinity is a surface glycoprotein with a relative molecular mass of approximately 70 kDa. This receptor (Fc gamma RI) has been partially characterized using mAb 32 which binds outside the Fc binding domain of the receptor, but nonetheless triggers Fc receptor-dependent functions. In this study, we describe the properties of four new antibodies with specificity for Fc gamma RI. Based on additivity and cross-blocking studies, we conclude that two of these antibodies (mAb 22 and 44) define a third epitope which is distinct from the binding sites for both mAb 32 and the Fc portion of human IgG. Each Fc gamma RI-specific hybridoma was selected for stable sublines expressing high levels of mAb on the cell surface, and then tested for the ability of this surface mAb to trigger antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity. All sublines were killed by human monocytes when used as targets in a 51Cr-release assay, whereas hybridomas specific for myeloid Ag other than Fc gamma RI were not killed. We conclude that Fc receptor function is triggered through binding to each of the three epitopes of Fc gamma RI that we have defined. These mAb will be useful for additional characterization of Fc gamma RI, and may, when incorporated into tumor-directed heteroantibodies, enhance tumor cell killing by human monocytes and macrophages.